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==遺伝性疾患/ Inherited diseases==
Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as [[:en:infectious disease|infectious disease]]s, are caused by the environment. Other diseases come from a combination of genes and the environment.<ref>[http://www.genome.gov/19016930 requently Asked Questions About Genetic Disorders] NIH, Accessed 20 May 2008</ref> [[:en:Genetic disorder|Genetic disorder]]s are diseases that are caused by a single allele of a gene and are inherited in families. These include [[:en:Huntington's disease|Huntington's disease]], [[:en:cystic fibrosis|cystic fibrosis]] or [[:en:Duchenne muscular dystrophy|Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]. Cystic fibrosis, for example, is caused by mutations in a single gene called ''[[:en:CFTR (gene)|CFTR]]'' and is inherited as a recessive trait.<ref>[http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cysticfibrosis Cystic fibrosis] Genetics Home Reference, NIH, Accessed 16 May 2008</ref>
 
 
Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. Most of these diseases are inherited in a complex way, with either multiple genes involved, or coming from both genes and the environment. As an example, the risk of [[:en:breast cancer|breast cancer]] is 50 times higher in the families most at risk, compared to the families least at risk. This variation is probably due to a large number of alleles, each changing the risk a little bit.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peto J |title=Breast cancer susceptibility&nbsp;– A new look at an old model |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=411–2 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12124169 |doi=10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00079-X |issn=1535-6108|doi-access=free }}</ref> Several of the genes have been identified, such as ''[[:en:BRCA1|BRCA1]]'' and ''[[:en:BRCA2|BRCA2]]'', but not all of them. However, although some of the risks are genetic, the risk of this cancer is also increased by being overweight, heavy alcohol consumption and not exercising.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429042057/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp |date=29 April 2009 }} American Cancer Society, Accessed 16 May 2008</ref> A woman's risk of breast cancer, therefore, comes from a large number of alleles interacting with her environment, so it is very hard to predict.▼
病気には、遺伝性で家系に受け継がれるものもあれば、[[感染症]]のように環境によって引き起こされるものもある。
 
その他に、遺伝子と環境の組み合わせから生じる病気もある。
 
[[遺伝子疾患]]は、遺伝子の単一のアレルによって引き起こされ、家系内で遺伝する疾患である。
 
ハンチントン病、嚢胞性線維症、デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィーはこれにあたる。
 
たとえば嚢胞性線維症は、CFTRと呼ばれる単一の遺伝子の変異によって引き起こされ、潜性形質として遺伝する。
 
 
 
▲Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. Most of these diseases are inherited in a complex way, with either multiple genes involved, or coming from both genes and the environment. As an example, the risk of [[:en:breast cancer|breast cancer]] is 50 times higher in the families most at risk, compared to the families least at risk. This variation is probably due to a large number of alleles, each changing the risk a little bit.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peto J |title=Breast cancer susceptibility&nbsp;– A new look at an old model |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=411–2 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12124169 |doi=10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00079-X |issn=1535-6108|doi-access=free }}</ref> Several of the genes have been identified, such as ''[[:en:BRCA1|BRCA1]]'' and ''[[:en:BRCA2|BRCA2]]'', but not all of them. However, although some of the risks are genetic, the risk of this cancer is also increased by being overweight, heavy alcohol consumption and not exercising.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429042057/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp |date=29 April 2009 }} American Cancer Society, Accessed 16 May 2008</ref> A woman's risk of breast cancer, therefore, comes from a large number of alleles interacting with her environment, so it is very hard to predict.
 
 
他の病気も遺伝の影響を受けるが、親から受け継いだ遺伝子は病気にかかるリスクを変えるだけである。
 
これらの病気のほとんどは、複数の遺伝子が関与するか、遺伝子と環境の両方が関係していて、複雑な形で遺伝する。
 
たとえば、[[乳がん]]のリスクの場合、最もリスクの高い家系は、最もリスクの低い家系に比べて50倍高くなる。
 
この変動は、おそらく多数のアレルによるもので、それぞれがリスクを少しずつ変化させている<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peto J |title=Breast cancer susceptibility&nbsp;– A new look at an old model |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=411–2 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12124169 |doi=10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00079-X |issn=1535-6108|doi-access=free }}</ref>。
 
''[[BRCA1]]''や''[[BRCA2]]''などいくつかの遺伝子が同定されているが、すべてではない。
 
しかし、遺伝的なリスクもあるが、このがんのリスクは、太りすぎ、多量のアルコール摂取、運動不足によっても高まる<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429042057/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp |date=29 April 2009 }} American Cancer Society, Accessed 16 May 2008</ref>。
 
したがって、女性の乳がんリスクは、多数のアレルが環境と相互作用して生じるものであり、予測するのは非常に困難である。
 
==Genetic engineering==
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