アンフォラ
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アンフォラ（amphora、複数形は amphorae もしくは amphoras）とは陶器の器の一種で、2つの持ち手と、胴体からすぼまって長く伸びる首を有する。
アンフォラは最初、紀元前15世紀ごろのレバノン～シリアの海岸に現れて古代世界に広まり、古代ギリシア･ローマにおいては、ブドウ、オリーブ・オイル、ワイン、植物油、オリーブ、穀物、魚、その他の必需品を運搬･保存するための主要な手段として用いられた。 アンフォラはギリシア時代から産業として生産され、地中海世界で7世紀ごろまで使用された。 その後、木や皮の容器がアンフォラにかわって使用されたようである。
海洋考古学者にとってもアンフォラは有益である。沈没船のアンフォラからは、しばしば難破した船の時代や国籍を知ることができるのである。 それらは時折、もとの内容物がまだ残るほどの、たいへんよい保存状態で発見される。 そこから、古代地中海の人々の食習慣や売買システムなど、貴重な情報を得ることができるのである。
Two principal types of amphora existed: the neck amphora, in which the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and the one-piece amphora, in which the neck and body form a continuous curve. Neck amphorae were commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece but were gradually replaced by the one-piece type from around the 7th century BC onwards. Most were produced with a pointed base to allow them to be stored in an upright position by being partly embedded in sand or soft ground.
1 : 縁 2 : 首 3 : 持ち手 4 : 肩 5 : 胴 6 : 脚
Amphorae varied greatly in height. The largest could stand as much as 1.5 m (5 ft) high, while some were under 30 cm (12 inches) high - the smallest were called amphoriskoi (literally "little amphorae"). Most were around 45 cm (18 inches) high. There was a significant degree of standardisation in some variants; the wine amphora held a standard measure of about 39 litres (41 quarts), giving rise to the amphora quadrantal as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. In all, around 66 distinct types of amphora have been identified.
High-quality painted amphorae were produced in significant numbers for a variety of social and ceremonial purposes. Their design differs significantly from the more functional versions; they are typified by wide mouth and a ring base, with a glazed surface and decorated with figures or geometric shapes. Such amphorae were often used as prizes. Some examples, bearing the inscription "I am one of the prizes from Athens", have survived from the Panathenaic Festivals held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC. Painted amphorae were also used for funerary purposes. The loutrophoros, a type of amphora, was used principally for funeral rites. Outsize vases were also used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead.
The word amphora is Latin, derived from the Greek amphoreus (Αμφορέας) or amphiphoreus, a compound word combining amphi- ("on both sides") plus phoreus ("carrier"), from pherein ("to carry").
参考文献
- "Amphora" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Timothy Darvill. Oxford University Press, 2002.
- "Amphora." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006
