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バシリスクス (ギリシャ語: Βασιλίσκος Basilískos ? - 476?) は、東ローマ帝国皇帝。He became magister militum per Thracias in 464, under his brother-in-law, Emperor Leo (Template:Reigned457–474). Basiliscus commanded the army for an invasion of the Vandal Kingdom in 468, which was defeated at the Battle of Cape Bon. There were accusations at the time that Basiliscus was bribed by Aspar, the magister militum; many historians dismiss this, instead concluding that Basiliscus was either incompetent or foolish for accepting Vandal King Gaiseric's offer of a truce, which the latter used to construct fireships. Basiliscus's defeat cost the Eastern Empire 130,000ポンド (59,000 kg) of gold, causing the empire to hover above bankruptcy for 30 years. When Basiliscus returned to Constantinople, he sought refuge in the Church of St. Sophia. His sister, Empress Verina, secured him a pardon and he left the church to retire in Neapolis.

When Emperor Leo died in 474, his grandson Emperor Leo II (Template:Reigned474) took power, but soon died; his father, Zeno (Template:Reigned474–475, 476–491) ascended the throne in the same year, in a politically precarious position. Verina conspired to install the magister officiorum Patricius, her lover, as emperor. This plot was supported by Basiliscus, who succeeded in recruiting Isaurian brothers Illus and Trocundes, as well as Verina's nephew Armatus. Zeno fled on 9 January 475, either after learning of the plot or after Verina warned him that his life was in danger. Although Patricius was Verina's intended successor, Basiliscus convinced the Eastern Roman Senate to acclaim him instead.

Basiliscus quickly lost the support of the people after a combination of heavy taxes, heretical policies, and a natural disaster viewed as divine wrath for said heretical views. In an attempt to increase support, he embraced the miaphysites, restoring Timothy Ailuros as the Patriarch of Alexandria and Peter the Fuller as Patriarch of Antioch. He heeded their advice and issued an encyclical on 9 April 475 which promoted the first three ecumenical councils of the church: Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, and condemned the Council of Chalcedon and the Tome of Leo. The Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, strongly opposed him, and together with Daniel the Stylite, turned the population of Constantinople against Basiliscus.

Basiliscus quickly lost his allies, losing Verina almost immediately as a consequence of executing Patricius. Illus and Trocundes, who were besieging Zeno in his homeland of Isauria, were convinced by Zeno to defect, and soon the three of them marched their troops toward the capital. Hearing this, Basiliscus ordered Armatus to take a number of troops and intercept them. Armatus betrayed Basiliscus after Zeno promised him the position of magister militum praesentalis for life, and that his son, Basiliscus, would be made caesar (title) caesar. Armatus then directed his army away from the road which Zeno was traveling along, allowing Zeno to enter Constantinople unopposed in August 476. Basiliscus and his family hid in a church until Zeno promised not to execute them, and they were exiled to Limnae in Cappadocia, where they were either beheaded or imprisoned in a dried-up cistern and left to starve to death.

経歴

生い立ちと家族

バシリスクスは、バルカン半島で生まれたと思われる。生年月日は不明。東ローマ帝国皇帝レオ1世（457-474年）の妻で後の女帝ヴェリナの弟である。歴史家ステファン・クラウチックは、バシリスクスの甥であるアルマトゥスがオドアセルという蛮族の兄であったことから、バシリスクスはオドアセルの叔父でもあり、蛮族であると主張している。[1][2]この議論は歴史家 Wolfram Brandes, [1][3] と Hugh Elton によって反論されている。Eltonは、Krautschickの議論は単一の断片的なギリシャ語資料に依存しており、彼の議論は受け入れられるが、彼の民族性やOdoacerとの関係に言及した現代の資料が全くないことを無視している、と指摘している[1][4]。バシリスコスはアエリア・ゼノニスと結婚し、彼女との間に息子マルクスをもうけた。[5][6]。ゼノニスの出自は不明だが、バシリスコスの宗教政策を推し進めたとする著者もいることから、彼女はミアフィシテだった可能性がある。[6] また、バジリスカスは皇帝ユリウス・ネポス（{在位}474-475/480）と婚姻関係にあり、[7]ユリウス・ネポスの妻の叔父である[8]。ゼノニスはバジリスコスの甥であるアルマトゥスを恋人にしたとされている。ビザンティストのJ.B.Buryは、Suda、Candidus、Malchus の資料を要約して以下のように述べています。 [9][10] 。

バシリスコはアルマトゥスを近親者として、皇后ゼノニスと自由に交際することを許した。二人の交際は親密になり、二人とも並外れた美貌の持ち主であったため、互いに溺愛するようになった。二人は目を見合わせ、絶えず顔を向けて微笑み合い、隠さなければならない情熱が、ドゥールとティーンの原因となった。彼らは宦官ダニエルと助産婦マリアに悩みを打ち明けたが、彼らは二人を引き合わせるという治療法でほとんど病気を癒すことはできなかった。そして、ゼノニスはバジリスコスを説得して、自分の恋人に街の最高の役職を与えるようにした。
—[10]

軍歴

 
A map of Europe in A.D. 476, showing the Vandal Kingdom in orange, and the Eastern Roman Empire in yellow

レオは皇帝マルキアヌスの死後、457年に東ローマ帝国の王位に就いた。軍師アスパルは、マルキアンを選んだのと同じように、彼をこの地位に選んだのである。アスパルは5世紀半ばから帝国内で大きな影響力を持ち、[11][12]マルキアンとレオに対して大きな力を行使していた[13]。バシリスコスはレオの下で軍務に就き、465年には東方の領事となり、西方の領事としてフラウィウス・ヘルメネリクスが就任した。[1][4] バジリスカスは464年、467/468年までこれを維持した。この間、トラキアでフン族とゴート族に対して多くの勝利を収めた。466/467年には、アナガスト、アスパル、オストリスと共に、両者の混合集団との戦争で軍を率いた[4]。彼はある時点でパトリシアン（古代ローマとなり、468年に初めてそのように言及された。 [14] 。

466年頃、レオはアスパルの支配から自らを解放しようとした。彼はイサウロス人の支援を利用し、イサウロス人の首長ゼノ（皇帝）｜ゼノ（{統治}474-475、476-491）とその娘アリアドネ（皇后）｜アリアドネを結婚させて支援と引き換えにする。これは東方帝国の政策に大きな変化をもたらし、特に西方からの軍事援助の要請を無視する政策を終わらせた[15]。467年4月12日、マルキアヌスの娘婿であるアンセミウス（{在位}467-472）がレオによって西方皇帝に就任すると、ヴァンダルに使節が送られた。ガイセリック王は、イタリアや西ローマ王位に干渉しないよう警告するとともに、その旨を伝えるため、ガイセリック王は彼らが433年に制定された条約に違反していると非難し、戦争の準備をした。ヴァンダル人がアレクサンドリアへの侵攻を準備しているという噂がコンスタンチノープルで広まったのかもしれない[16][17]。その結果、468年にバジリスカスはヴァンダル人に対する遠征の指揮を任され、[1][15][18]その時点でmagister militum praesentalis に昇進したと考えられる。 [19]となる。艦隊は1,113隻からなり、バシリスクスの指揮下に10万人以上の兵士がいたとされる[注釈 1]には、遠くエーランド、スウェーデンからの傭兵も含まれている。[21]。ブリーによれば、レオはベリーナとアスパルの両方から影響を受けてバシリスクスを選んだが、彼はそれを「無能で信頼できない」と表現している。さらに彼は、アスパルが意図的に貧弱な指揮官を選び、ヴァンダルの弱体化によってレオが強くなるのを防ごうとしたと述べているTemplate:Sfn｜Bury｜1923。歴史家Gerard FriellとStephen Williamsはこれを否定するが、Verinaが彼の指名を押し進め、アスパルが反対しなかったことを認めている[22] 。歴史家ピーター・ヘザーは、この時点でバシリスコスは帝国のバルカン辺境で大きな成功を収めて帰ってきたばかりだったと指摘している[23]。

西ローマの指揮官であったマルケリヌスは、サルデーニャを攻略し、ヴァンダルの首都カルタゴの近くで東軍と連携するために出撃することになる。バシリスコスは軍の大部分とともに直接カルタゴに向かうことになり、東軍のcomes rei militarisは、「カルタゴに向かう。[エデッサのヘラクリウスは東方軍をエジプトに集め、トリポリタニアで下船し、陸路カルタゴに接近、ヴァンダル人は3地域で戦うことを余儀なくされることになった。マルケリヌスはサルデーニャを難なく占領し、ヘラクリウスはリビア・トリポリの要塞を奪い、ともにバシリスクス軍との接続に向かう。[24][25]。バジリスコスのガレー船はヴァンダル艦隊をシチリア付近に散らし、プロコピウスによると、ガイセリックはカルタゴ攻略の決定的な一撃を恐れて全てを放棄させたとされる。しかし、バジリスクスはその優位を崩さず、カルタゴから60キロメートル (37 mi)離れたボン岬に軍を休め、[26] [27]カルタゴとは違って鎖で遮断されておらず風が相手艦を沿岸に追い込む、{[ウチカ・チニシア|ウティカ}]という港にも近かったことから戦略を立てた。 [27] 歴史家Michael Kulikowski、Friell、Williamsによると、ガイセリックは平和に興味があると見せかけ、準備期間を確保するために5日間の真実を提案したそうです[28][22]。バジリスコスは、ヴァンダルとの妥協点を見出すために、戦争に反対するアスパルの意向を汲んで受け入れたのである[29]。ヘザーはローマ人が海戦を避けることを強く意図していたことを指摘し、[30]、考古学者[[ジョージ・バス（考古学者）]は、これがバシリスクスがヴァンダルを攻撃するのを躊躇した理由かもしれないと指摘している。[31][32]。

コンスタンチノープルに戻ったバジリスカスは聖ソフィア教会に避難したが、ヴェリーナが彼に代わってレオに赦免されるよう取り次いだ。この後もmagister militum praesentalis [18][33] は残ったかもしれないが、主にプロポンティス川ネアポリス（トラキアシェルソンス）｜ヘラクレアで引退生活を送る[34]. アスパルはバシリスコスに遠征を裏切るように仕向け、ヴァンダル族に同調し、レオに代わって彼を皇帝にすることを約束した疑いがある[35][36]。FriellとWilliamsもこれを否定し、スケープゴートを見つける必要性はこのような災害ではよくあることで、この告発はありえないことだとコメントしている[22]．ある資料のヒダティウスは、アスパルが疑惑を口にしたために階級を剥奪されたと述べているが、歴史家 A. H. M. ジョーンズ、ジョン・ロバート・マーティンデール、ジョン・モリスは、これはほぼ間違いなく、帝国の軍事的弱点に関する情報をササン朝に与えた息子のアルダブル（領事447）の不名誉に関する混乱であるとしている[37] 。

After the failure of the invasion of Africa, Aspar gained power once more, and Patricius, his son, married Leo's daughter Leontia Porphyrogenita in 470, making Patricius the presumptive heir.[38] Historian L. M. Whitby suggests this may have been a ploy to lull Aspar into a sense of security.[39] When anti-German sentiment rose up, Aspar and Leo fought over Aspar's influence, leading Leo to have him assassinated over suspicions of plots against him.[38][40] Basiliscus supported Leo in his power struggle against Aspar, and subsequently Theodoric Strabo, in 471/472.[1][18] Aspar and his son Ardabur were killed in 471 on Leo's orders, and Patricius who was severely wounded, was stripped of his position as caesar and divorced from Leontia. After this, Zeno gained more power over the court.[38] Theodoric Strabo attempted to avenge Aspar and marched against Constantinople, but was pushed back by Basiliscus and Zeno. A little later, he sent a series of demands to Leo in the capital and attacked Arcadiopolis and Philipopolis, but was forced to negotiate soon after due the lack of supplies.[41]

Rise to power

When Leo fell ill in 473, he had his grandson, Leo II (（在位: [[{{{1}}}年]] - [[{{{2}}}年]]） 

474), the son of Zeno and Ariadne, crowned as emperor in October 473.[42] Leo died on 18 January 474,[38][43] and Leo II took the throne. Zeno was installed as co-emperor, crowned on 29 January,[44] and when Leo II died in Autumn, Zeno became the sole eastern emperor.[38] Zeno likely had Theoderic Strabo stripped of his role as magister militum praesentalis.[45] Zeno was very unpopular, among both the common people and the senatorial class, in part simply because he was an Isaurian, a race which had acquired a poor reputation under Emperor Arcadius (（在位: [[{{{1}}}年]] - [[{{{2}}}年]]）

383–408), and also because his rule would induce a promotion of fellow Isuarians to high positions.[46] Although Verina had supported Zeno's elevation as co-emperor to Leo II, she turned against him once he became sole emperor. The causes for this are disputed. The Byzantists Bury and Ernst Stein suggest this was motivated by personal hatred,[47][48][49] and Ernest Walter Brooks, historian and scholar of the Syriac language, suggests the Isaurian background of Zeno directly caused the hatred of Verina and the people.[49][50] Historians Kamilla Twardowska and W. D. Burgess argue that his ethnicity likely exacerbated existing hatred, but did not solely cause it.[51][52] Twardowska also dismisses Evagrius Scholasticus' suggestions, especially that of him leading a "dissolute life", stating that is common of historians wishing to paint an emperor in a bad light.[49] Historian Mirosław Leszka attributes the action to a simple desire for power, and Twardowska theorizes that Verina supported him while Leo II was emperor because she would still retain influence as a close relative, which she would not wield over Zeno himself. Zeno had the option of raising another son from a previous marriage to the throne, or else his brother, Longinus, which would remove any remnant of Verina's influence.[52] Byzantine chronicler John Malalas states that Verina put forth a request which Zeno denied, causing her conspiracy, but does not specify the request; historian Maciej Salamon has argued that this request would be to have Basiliscus and her other relatives placed in high positions.[53][54]

Verina conspired with others to remove him as emperor, and historians generally accept that she planned to install her lover, the magister officiorum Patricius, as emperor and to marry him.[注釈 2][55][56][57] She was supported in this plot by Theoderic Strabo, angered by Zeno's coronation, and Basiliscus, who succeeded in recruiting Illus and Trocundes, Isaurian brothers, as well as her nephew Armatus.[57] The plot had the backing of the military, bolstered by Basiliscus' popularity, and that of Illus and Trocundes, and also the support of the Eastern Roman Senate. The position of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, is unclear, although Twardowska considers it likely that he would have withheld support from either side until the outcome was clear.[53] The exact date the conspiracy began is unknown: Salamon argues it began around 473, whereas Twardowska argues it began only after Zeno took sole power.[54][58] The conspiracy was successful, as Zeno fled to his native Isauria on 9 January 475, either after learning of the conspiracy or after being convinced by Verina that his life was in danger,[1][18][57] taking with him a number of companions and funds. Many remaining Isuarians were massacred in Constantinople when news of his flight spread.[59] Basiliscus convinced the senate to acclaim him emperor, instead of Patricius, and Basiliscus was crowned at the Hebdomon palace.[56][59] He immediately had his son, Marcus, crowned as Caesar, and later co-emperor, while his wife was crowned Augusta and Patricius was executed.[1][59][60] Zeno took residence in the fortress of Olba, and later Sbida.[61] Illus and Trocundes were sent by Basiliscus to lay siege to Zeno's fortress, and capturing Longinus, whom Illus would not release until 485.[62]

Reign

 
A copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos, made after the original was destroyed in the fire of 475/476

Basiliscus quickly lost support in Constantinople, through a combination of heavy taxes and heretical ecclesiastical policies, as well as a natural disaster.[1] A large fire broke out in the quarter of Chalkoprateia in 475/476, before quickly spreading.[63] The fire destroyed the Basilica, a library containing 120,000 books, as well as the Palace of Lausus, the Aphrodite of Knidos, the Lindian Athene, and the Samian Here.[64] As Bury remarks, the fire served as all "accidents in superstitious ages always help...to render his government unpopular".[63] Many at the time viewed the fire as a symbol of divine wrath against him.[65]

While Basiliscus's rise was not illegal, as usurpations confirmed by the senate were generally considered legitimate, such had not happened for over a century in the Eastern Roman Empire. Additionally, he was politically incompetent and temperamental, alienating much of his support.[66] While Basiliscus was supported initially by the elites of the Eastern Roman Empire, he never gained much popularity amongst the common people, weakening his legitimacy; his conflicts with Acacius reduced his support from the people of Constantinople, who were heavily Chalcedonian.[67] Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes by the near-bankruptcy of the empire, and also to sell off public positions for money. He utilized the praefectus urbi Epinicus, a former ally of Verina, to extort money from the church.[66] Verina turned against Basiliscus after the execution of her lover and began to plot to return Zeno to power,[68][69] and sought refuge in Blachernae. It is not known if she fled because of her support or began to support Zeno after she fled, as the source, Candidus, is unclear, but the Vita Danielis Stylite states that she remained there until after Basiliscus died.[69]

Basiliscus had Armatus made magister militum praesentalis, allegedly at the insistence of Zenonis. This turned Theoderic Strabo against him, as he hated Armatus.[10][70] Armatus was also made consul in 476, alongside Basiliscus himself.[71] Illus and Trocundes, laying siege to Zeno in his native lands, defected to him.[1][72][73][74][75] This has usually been ascribed to a failure to fulfill unspecified promises made to them, as given by Theophanes the Confessor, which many historians identify as a promise to make them both magister militum, but Leszka challenges this, arguing that Theophanes does not specify the promises because he invented them as the most likely explanation. Leszka questions that Basiliscus would entrust military command to men he had lied to, and argues that they were motivated instead by fear that Basiliscus would be overthrown, or else religious opposition.[75] From February/March 476, Basiliscus remained in the Hebdomon, out of fear of the capital's populace; this news may have motivated them,[76][77][78] along with letters received from ministers of the capital. These letters informed them that the city was now ready to restore Zeno, as the people had become even less supportive of Basiliscus due to the "fiscal rapacity of his ministers", as Bury puts it. Illus, possibly buoyed by his hold over Zeno, by way of his imprisonment of his brother, arranged to ally him and they began to march towards Constantinople with their combined forces.[72][73][74][76]

Basiliscus ordered Armatus to take command of all the troops in Thrace and Constantinople, as well as the palace guard, and lead them against the three. In spite of his oath of loyalty, Armatus betrayed Basiliscus when Zeno offered to have him made magister militum praesentalis for life, and his son, Basiliscus, crowned as caesar. He allowed Zeno to pass to Constantinople unhindered,[1][63][74][79] taking a separate road from the one which Zeno was travelling on to avoid confronting him, and marched instead into Isaura. Zeno entered Constantinople unopposed in August 476.[1][63][74] Basiliscus and his family fled and took refuge in a church, only leaving once Zeno promised not to execute them. Zeno exiled them to Limnae in Cappadocia,[注釈 3][1][80] where they were imprisoned in a dried-up cistern, and left to starve to death.[1][80] According to some sources, they were instead beheaded.[63]

Religious policies

During the 5th century, a central religious issue was the debate concerning how the human and divine nature of Jesus Christ were associated, following the Arian controversy. The School of Alexandria, including theologians such as Athanasius, asserted the equality of Christ and God, and therefore focused upon the divinity of Christ. The School of Antioch, including theologians such as Theodore of Mopsuestia, determined not to lose the human aspect of Christ, focused upon his humanity.[81] Shortly before Marcian had become emperor, the Second Council of Ephesus was held in 449. The council stated that Jesus had one divine united nature, called miaphysis; this was rejected by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople because of disputes on the matter of Christology, as the Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople saw the belief in miaphysis as heretical.[82][83][84] Marcian convened the Council of Chalcedon in October 451, attended by about 500 bishops, most of them Eastern Roman.[82][85][86] This council condemned the Second Council of Ephesus and agreed that Jesus had a divine nature (physis) and a human nature, united in one person (hypostasis), "without confusion, change, division, or separation."[87] The council also repeated the importance of the See of Constantinople in Canon 28, placing it firmly in second place behind the See of Rome, and giving it the right to appoint bishops in the Eastern Roman Empire, placing it over the Sees of Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch.[11][88][89][90]

Basiliscus rose to power during a time when the miaphysite faction was growing in power, and his attempts to ally them to himself backfired severely.[91][92] Historian Jason Osequeda posits that Basiliscus's mistake was "appearing as the member of one sphere attempting to intrude into the other, rather than using influence and negotiation to achieve his platform", and that he was unaware of his outsider status, causing him to be viewed as "attempting to usurp not only an earthly crown but a spiritual one too."[93] Some historians view it likely that Zenonis influenced Basiliscus towards miaphysitism.[94] Basiliscus had Theoctistus, a miaphysite, made magister officiorum,[95] and he received the miaphysite patriarch Timothy Ailuros, who returned from his exile in Crimea after the death of Leo. By them Basiliscus was persuaded to attack the tenets of Chalcedonianism.[68] Basiliscus had Timothy Ailuros restored as the Patriarch of Alexandria, and Peter the Fuller as Patriarch of Antioch.[96] Under his reign the Third Council of Ephesus was held in 475, presided over by Timothy Ailuros, which officially condemned the Council of Chalcedon, and a synodical letter was sent to Basiliscus requesting that Patriarch Acacius be stripped of his role.[97] Historian Richard Price argues that Basiliscus' association with Timothy Ailuros also reduced his support as some rumors suggested that Timothy had a role in the murder of Proterius of Alexandria, a Chalcedonian, and his ties to Timothy were seen as tacit approval of this murder.[98]

Basiliscus issued an encyclical on 9 April 475,[注釈 4][1][91][101][102] which promoted the first three ecumenical councils of the church: Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, and condemned the Council of Chalcedon and the Tome of Leo.[92][103][104] While enthusiastically received in Ephesus and Egypt, it resulted in outrage from the monasteries as well as alienating Patriarch Acacius, and the heavily Chalcedonian population of the capital.[68][91][105][106] Repudiating the Council of Chalcedon invalidated Canon 28 of it, ending Acacius's control over the Eastern sees,[88][107][108] and as such Acacius refused to sign it.[88][103] Acacius draped the Church of St. Sophia in black,[注釈 5][59][68][88] and lead a congregation in mourning. This caused Basiliscus to leave the city,[59][68][88] and a significant portion of the city to support Zeno's return.[68] The popular stylite (pillar monk) Daniel the Stylite, whom Basiliscus had been attempting to sway to his side, rejected his efforts after the publication of the eynciclal, and descended from his pillar to pray alongside Acacius, branding Basiliscus as a "second Diocletian" for his attacks on the church.[103][109]

There is some debate over the differences between the encyclical presented by Evagrius Scholasticus and that of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor. Notably, Evagrius' version does not contain some of the references to the Council of Nicaea and the Second Council of Ephesus, making it less extreme. Philippe Blaudeau suggests that the one presented by Evagrius was a modified version presented to Acacius, as it would be more palatable to him; as well as that the language of the original would have made Eutychians believe that Timothy and Basiliscus agreed with them, and the subsequent document clarified their positions.[100][110] The current consensus among historians is that Evagrius' version was the original, made more extreme after the Third Council of Ephesus.[100] Some arguments have been made by Eduard Schwartz, Hanns Brennecke, and René Draguet that Basiliscus approved Evagrius' text, but that the more extreme version was written by Paul the Sophist.[100][111][112][113] Whatever the case, Basiliscus soon voided his encyclical, issuing a new letter dubbed the "anti-encyclical",[注釈 6][107][108] revoking his previous encyclical, reaffirming condemnation of heresy, and restoring the rights of Canon 28 to Acacius, but did not explicitly mention the Council of Chalcedon.[98][114] Notably, the first encyclical also asserted the right for an emperor to dictate and judge theological doctrine, subsuming the function of an Ecumenical Council,[108] and is worded much like an imperial edict.[100] Although Acacius and Basiliscus had feuded since the first months of his reign, Daniel later played the part of a diplomat, reconciling them near the end of the latter's reign, before Zeno retook Constantinople.[115] All of Basiliscus' religious edicts were annulled by the praetorian prefect Sebastianos in December 477, by order of Zeno.[116]

Basiliscus is part of a 1669 play written by Sir William Killigrew, The Imperial Tragedy, where he appears as a ghost, during the second reign of Zeno.[117]

Sources

Notes

  1. ^ 歴史学者ウォーレン・トレッドゴールドは、ビザンティン帝国行政官リディアスのジョンが与えた総兵力40万という数字を論拠に、プロコピオスの10万という数字には船員とオールマンが含まれていないと論じている。 [20]}{sfn
  2. ^ This narrative is challenged by Kamilla Twardowska, who views it more likely that this is propaganda from Candidus, repeated by John of Antioch. Instead, she argues that Patricius was likely a key political ally of Verina, but, given the revolt was likely influenced by desire to retain dynastic power, not a plausible candidate for the throne.[55]
  3. ^ Victor of Tunnuna gives the location as Sasima, and Evagrius Scholasticus and J. B. Bury give the location as Cucusus.[80]
  4. ^ Otto Seeck gives the date as Easter (6 April).[99][100]
  5. ^ Some sources say all the churches of Constantinople were draped in black, rather than just the Church of St. Sophia.[104]
  6. ^ Some sources put this concurrent to Zeno's march to Constantinople, stating that the events took place after Basiliscus was made aware of the defection of Armatus, causing him to quickly revoke his ecclesiastical edicts, and attempt to placate Patriarch Acacius and the people.[63][74]

Primary sources

References

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Bibliography

真田 悠希/sandbox


存命中

爵位・家督
先代
Zeno 		Eastern Roman Emperor
475–476
共同統治者 Marcus （since 475） 		次代
Zeno
公職
先代
Rusticius,
Anicius Olybrius 		Roman consul
465
共同統治者 Hermenericus 		次代
Leo Augustus III,
Tatianus
先代
Zeno Augustus II,
Post consulatum Leonis Augusti (East) 		Roman consul
476
共同統治者 Armatus 		空位
Post consulatum Basilisci Augusti II et Armati
次代の在位者
Illus, in 478

Template:Roman Emperors

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