利用者:Loup-noir/作業室B

メッシニア県

Νομός Μεσσηνίας

国	ギリシャ共和国
地方	ペロポネソス
県都	カラマタ
面積	2,991 km²
人口	180,264 人 （2005年）
人口密度	60 人/km²
ナンバープレート	KM
自治体コード	17
構成自治体数	29
標準時	EET（UTC+2） 夏時間はEEST（UTC+3）

メッシニア県（ギリシャ語:Νομός Μεσσηνίας）は、ギリシャのペロポネソス地方の県である。

メッシニア県の東にはテイゲトス山、北にはネダ川とアルカディア山脈があり、西にはイオニア海が、南にはメッシニア湾がそれぞれ接している。県中心部は平野が広がっているが、三方を山岳に囲まれた地形となっている。半島部の南には、3つの島と1つの小島が浮かんでいる。県人口の半分以上は、平原上のカラマタ＝メシニ都市圏に居住する。

県都であるカラマタには空港があり、またペロポネソス半島最大のウォーターフロント地域がある。

History

古代

初めにメッセニア地方に居住していたのは、ペラスゴイ人とレレゲス人であり、レレゲス人はアンダニアを中心に居住していた。その後アエロ＝ミニア人が到来し、メッセニアに移住した。ホメーロスの叙事詩によると、メッセニア東部はスパルタ王メネラーオスの支配下にあり、西部はピュロス王ネレイデスの支配下にあったが、スパルタ王メネラーオスの死後、国境が東へタイゲトス山脈まで移動されたという。

紀元前1300年代の青銅器時代後期には、官僚制で農業国であったピュロスの王がメッセニア地方を統治していた。メッセニア人はミケーネ方言を話し、ギリシアの多神教を信仰していた。クレスフォンテス率いるドーリア人がアルカディア地方からメッシニア平原の北部に侵入すると、ステニクラルスを首都とした。さらにその後の支配はメッセニア地方全土に及んだ。しかしながら、アルカディア方言がミケーネ方言の直系の言語であることを考慮に入れると、先住民であったメッセニア人はドーリア人に追われてアルカディア地方に逃げ込んだのだと考えられる。

Map of ancient Messenia.

ドーリア人は、強い愛国心によって先住民を融合し、単一なメッセニア人としてまとめることに成功した。しかし、メッセニア地方は肥沃な土地と良好な気候のために比較的豊かな地方であり、そのことが領土拡張主義を採る隣国のスパルタの欲望を掻き立てることとなった。

紀元前720年、スパルタ王テレクロスがメッセニア人に殺害されたことから両国間の戦争（第一次メッセニア戦争）が始まった。戦争はメッセニア王エウパエスと次王アリストデモスの活躍にもかかわらず、スパルタの勝利に終わった。紀元前648年から紀元前631年にかけて、アリストメネス指揮下でメッセニア人がスパルタに対して蜂起を起こした。（第二次メッセニア戦争）しかし、ヘイラの城塞が11年の包囲の後に陥落し、失敗に終わった。

結果として、スパルタ市民は広大な土地を得て、土地を捨てて逃げなかったメッセニア人はヘイロータイの身分に落とされた。隷属は過酷であり、自らが耕す土地の生産物の半分を、土地の所有者であるスパルタ市民に支払わねばならなかった。スパルタの詩人ティルタイオスは、スパルタ人の傲慢さに耐え忍ぶメッセニア人をこう描写している。

As asses worn by loads intolerable,　（領主が乗るロバは傲慢なので、）

So Them did stress of cruel force compel,　（残忍な軍隊は彼らに服従を強制した。）
Of all the fruits the well-tilled land affords,　（よく耕された土地が生産する果実の全てのうち、）

The moiety to bear to their proud lords.　（半分は彼らの傲慢な領主に持っていく物である。）

—（英語訳）

紀元前464年にスパルタで地震が起き、多くの人命を奪ったが、それを契機として再びメッセニア人は反乱を起こした。叛徒達は第二次メッセニア戦争の時と同じようにイトメ山の城砦に籠城した。しかし結局城塞は落ち、メッセニア人はペロポネソス半島から追放されたために、アテナイ人によって西ロクリア地方にあるナフパクトスの町に移住させられた。紀元前371年のレウクトラの戦いの後、イタリアやシチリア島や北アフリカに離散していたメッセニア人は、エパメイノンダスの支援により、再びメッセニアに帰還した。メッセネ（現在のメシニ）の町は紀元前369年に建設され、以後メッセニア地方の主都として、アルカディア地方の主都メガロポリスと同じように、スパルタにとっての障害となりえた。この頃メッセニア地方の他の町も、同様に建設されたが、大部分の土地は未だ過疎地域であった。

After the fall of the Theban power, to which it had owed its foundation, it became an ally of Philip II of Macedon and took no part in the battle of Chaeronea (338 BC). Subsequently it joined the Achaean League, and we find Messenian troops fighting along with the Achaeans and Antigonus Doson at Sellasia in 222 BC. Philip V sent Demetrius of Pharos to seize Messene, but the attempt failed and cost the life of Demetrius. Soon afterwards the Spartan tyrant Nabis succeeded in taking the city, but was forced to retire by the timely arrival of Philopoemen and the Megalopolitans. A war afterwards broke out with the Achaean League, during which Philopoemen was captured and put to death by the Messenians (183 BC), but Lycortas took the city in the following year, and it again joined the Achaean League, though much weakened by the loss of Abia, Thuria and Pherae, which broke loose from it and entered the League as independent members.

In 146 BC, the Messenians, together with the other states of Greece, were brought directly under Roman sway by L. Mummius. For centuries there had been a dispute between Messenia and Sparta about the possession of the Ager Dentheliales on the western slope of Taygetus: after various decisions by Philip of Macedon, Antigonus, Mummius, Caesar, Antony, Augustus and others, the question was settled in 25 by Tiberius and the Senate in favour of the Messenians (Tac. Ann. iv. 43). In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was split into the East and the Western Roman Empire and Messenia was ruled by the East and was later known as the Byzantine Empire, it was later invaded by the Slavs.

Medieval period

In the Middle Ages, Messenia shared the fortunes of the rest of the Peloponnese. Striking reminders of these conflicts are afforded by the extant ruins of the medieval strongholds of Kalamata, Coron (anc. Asine, mod. Korone), Modon (Methone) and Pylos. Messenia was a part of the Byzantine Empire.

Ottoman and Venetian period

Much of Messenia fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, a part of the area remained with the Venetian Republic and a whole shortly in the mid to late-15th century. Again in the 1680s, the whole of Messenia was part of the Venetian Republic again before being ruled again by the Ottomans in the 1730s. Messenia did not became Greek until the Greek War of Independence of 1821 and several months and years later was liberated by the Greeks. One of the most famous battles was the Battle of Navarino which took place in the middle of the war and defeated its Turkish fleets. The Mani Peninsula, a part of modern Messenia, was autonomous from Turkish rule due to the fact that it had no harbors.

Arvanites

In 1534 a group of families, known as the 'Coroni', settled in Piana degli Albanesi in Sicily. They were Arvanites and Greeks from Koroni.

From the Greek War of Independence until World War II

Messenia had improved its economy including its agriculture in the first years of the modern country of Greece. It was later connected by rail (Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways or SPAP, today part of OSE) and four highways. Emigration to the United States and later larger towns and cities including Athens also began slowly. The prefecture later included the Ionian Islands of Sapientza and Schiza.

Modern period

After World War II and the Greek Civil War, most of its buildings were rebuilt. Emigration increased and later included much of North America and Australia and later western Europe and slowed down in the 1980s and continues in villages. The population in the area of Kalamata and Messene boomed from 30,000 before the war up to nearly 80,000 in the present day.

The highway bypassed Messene in the 1970s. In 1999, the construction of the GR-7 was opened and added an interchange in the mid-2000s with the GR-9. The Ministry of Transportation will extend the bypass with two lanes downward to Kalamata with the bypass that opened in 2004, it length will be approximately 30 km, the section will open as early as 2012. The next construction program is uncertain with the exception of the possible proposal of the GR-9A from Kalo Neri to the GR-7 connecting the GR-9 which the date is unset. The eastern portion is bypassed and features an interchange.

On Thursday July 26, 2007, the central part of the prefecture was stricken by a small fire that consumed several forests, groves and farms and ruined a part of its economy. Some houses were destroyed in villages that are built in a valley. The fire lasted into July 28. Nearly a month later, another fire ravaged the northeastern portion of the prefecture and consumed villages in the Taygetos ranges. It lasted from August 26 to August 27 and ruined many bushes, it did not affect southwest into the GR-9A Junction due to low winds and cooler weather. Firefighters along with airplanes, fire trucks and choppers battled the blaze, most of its water came from Lake Taka. Another natural disaster became earthquakes (see Earthquakes in Greece), a high medium earthquake ravaged and shook the entire prefecture, it measured at 6.6 on the Richter scale on Thursday February 14, 2008. Kalamata and Methoni became dangerous places as damages were rarely reported, they were nearly on high alert which brought panic to Messinia. Messinia was not to escape the earthquakes but they were to be lighter, Anthoni was battered by a February 26 earthquake that measured around 5.5 and another on Thursday February 28 that battered Methoni and caused only minor damages on these two earthquakes, some of its old houses were damaged from it. Messinia did not escape the quakes once again, four earthquakes battered portions of the prefecture near Methoni, all measured around 4 on the Richter scale, all of these occurred at the sea which relieved most of the shakiness.

Today, Messenia forms a prefecture with its capital at Kalamata.

Geography

The prefecture's islands include:

• Venetiko, southeast
• Sapientza
• Schiza, southwest. In April 19, 1991, an AB205 crashed on the island, no deaths were reported
• Sphagia/Sfagia

Climate

Climate may vary, in the lowlands, temperatures are a bit warmer than Athens. Snow is not common during winter months except for the mountains especially the Taygetus. Rain and clouds are common inland. For one day in July 2000, morning temperatures were at the 37°C point in many areas.

Transport

There are four major highways in Messenia:

• Greek National Road 7, N, Cen.
• Greek National Road 9, NW, W, SW
• Greek National Road 9A, NW, N
• Greek National Road 82, SW, Cen., E

Population

Year	Population	Density
1991	167,292	- 56/km²
2001	172,875	57.7/km²

Communications

Television

• Notioi Elliniki Teleorasi, (Southern Greece Television)

Municipalities and communities

Municipality	YPES code	Seat (if different)
Aetos	3802	Kopanaki
Aipeia	3803	Longa
Andania	3804	Diavolitsi
Androusa	3805
Arfara	3808
Aris	3806
Aristomenis	3807
Avia	3801	Kampos
Avlona	3809	Sidirokastro
Chiliochoria	3831	Chandrinos
Dorio	3812
Eira	3813	Neda
Filiatra	3830
Gargalianoi	3811
Ithomi	3815	Valyra
Kalamata	3816
Koroni	3817
Kyparissia	3818
Lefktro	3819	Kardamyli
Meligalas	3821
Messene	3822
Methoni	3820
Nestoras	3823	Chora
Oichalia	3824	Meropi
Papaflessas	3825	Vlahopoulo
Petalidi	3826
Pylos	3827
Thouria	3814
Voufrades	3810	Chatzis
Community	YPES code	Seat (if different)
Trikorfo	3828
Tripyla	3829	Raptopoulo

「List of settlements in the Messenia prefecture」も参照

Provinces

• Province of Kalamon - Kalamata
• Province of Messene - Messene
• Province of Pylia - Pylos
• Province of Tryphilia - Kyparissia

Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.