超幾何関数

超幾何関数（ちょうきかかんすう）は超幾何級数で定義される特殊関数である。

$F(a,b,c;z):={_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}a,b\\c\end{matrix}};z\right]=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(a)_{n}(b)_{n}}{(c)_{n}\;n!}}z^{n}$

概要

超幾何関数は多くの初等関数や特殊関数を包含する。

${\begin{aligned}(1-z)^{-a}&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-a)(-a-1)\cdots (-a-n+1)}{n!}}(-z)^{n}={_{1}F_{0}}\left[{\begin{matrix}a\\-\end{matrix}};z\right]\\e^{z}&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}z^{n}={_{0}F_{0}}\left[{\begin{matrix}-\\-\end{matrix}};z\right]\\\sin z&=z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n+1)!}}z^{2n}=z\cdot {_{0}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}-\\{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};-{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}\right]\\\cos z&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n)!}}z^{2n}={_{0}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}-\\{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}};-{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}\right]\\\log(1+z)&=z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n+1}}z^{n}=z\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}1,1\\2\end{matrix}};-z\right]\\\log \left({\frac {1+z}{1-z}}\right)&=2z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2n+1}}z^{2n}=2z\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}},1\\{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};z^{2}\right]\\\sin ^{-1}z&=z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!(2n+1)}}z^{2n}=z\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};z^{2}\right]\\\tan ^{-1}z&=z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2n+1}}z^{2n}=z\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}},1\\{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};-z^{2}\right]\\\end{aligned}}$

完全楕円積分

${\begin{aligned}K(k)&={\frac {\pi }{2}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\left({\frac {(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}}\right)^{2}k^{2n}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}\\1\end{matrix}};k^{2}\right]\\E(k)&={\frac {\pi }{2}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\left({\frac {(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}}\right)^{2}{\frac {k^{2n}}{1-2n}}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}\cdot {_{2}F_{1}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}},-{\frac {1}{2}}\\1\end{matrix}};k^{2}\right]\\\end{aligned}}$

正弦積分、余弦積分、指数積分

${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Si} (z)&=z\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n+1)(2n+1)!}}z^{2n}=z\cdot {_{1}F_{2}}\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {3}{2}},{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};-{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}\right]\\\operatorname {Ci} (z)&=\gamma +\log {z}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n)(2n)!}}z^{2n}=\gamma +\log {z}-{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}\cdot {_{2}F_{3}}\left[{\begin{matrix}1,1\\2,2,{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}};-{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}\right]\\\operatorname {Ei} (z)&=\gamma +\log {z}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{nn!}}z^{n}=\gamma +\log {z}+z\cdot {_{2}F_{2}}\left[{\begin{matrix}1,1\\2,2\end{matrix}};z\right]\\\end{aligned}}$

関連項目

• 一般化された超幾何関数