Stock Status Report for Gulf of Maine Northern Shrimp—2016 - Eckert, Robert; Whitmore, Kelly; Richards, Anne; Hunter, Margaret; Drew, Katie; Appelman, Max (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 2016)

Honduras: Assessment of the Damage Caused by Hurricane Mitch, 1998: Implications for Economic and Social Development and for the Environment - ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 1999)

Shaping Climate-Resilient Development: A Framework for Decision-Making - Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group (ClimateWorks Foundation, Global Environment Facility, European Commission, McKinsey & Company, The Rockefeller Foundation, Standard Chartered Bank and Swiss Re, 2009)

Rising Vulnerability to Floods Risks Devastating Property Losses in U.S. Cities - Eddins, Quinn W. (CBRE Research, 2015)

Historical baselines of coral cover on tropical reefs as estimated by expert opinion - Eddy, Tyler D.; Cheung, William W. L.; Bruno, John F. (PeerJ, 2018)
Coral reefs are important habitats that represent global marine biodiversity hotspots and provide important benefits to people in many tropical regions. However, coral reefs are becoming increasingly threatened by climate change, overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Historical baselines of coral cover are important to understand how much coral cover has been lost, e.g., to avoid the ‘shifting baseline syndrome’. There are few quantitative observations of coral reef cover prior to the industrial revolution, and therefore baselines of coral reef cover are difficult to estimate. Here, we use expert and ocean-user opinion surveys to estimate baselines of global coral reef cover. The overall mean estimated baseline coral cover was 59% (±19% standard deviation), compared to an average of 58% (±18% standard deviation) estimated by professional scientists. We did not find evidence of the shifting baseline syndrome, whereby respondents who first observed coral reefs more recently report lower estimates of baseline coral cover. These estimates of historical coral reef baseline cover are important for scientists, policy makers, and managers to understand the extent to which coral reefs have become depleted and to set appropriate recovery targets.
Keywords: Historical ecology Marine environmental history Qualitative survey Expert opinion survey Historical baselines Shifting baseline syndrome Climate change

Integrated assessment modeling - Edmonds, James A.; Calvin, Katherine V.; Clarke, Leon E.; Janetos, Anthony C.; Kim, Son H.; Wise, Marshall A.; McJeon, Haewon C. (Climate Change Modeling Methodology: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 2012)
This entry discusses the role of integrated assessment models (IAMs) in climate change research. IAMs are an interdisciplinary research platform, which constitutes a consistent scientific framework in which the large-scale interactions between human and natural Earth systems can be examined.

The Edwards Aquifer Region - Edwards Aquifer Authority

Before and After the Storm—Update - EEI (Edison Electric Institute, 2014)

Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa - Effler, E.; Isaäcson, M.; Arntzen, L.; Heenan, R.; Canter, P.; Barrett, T.; Lee, L.; Mambo, C.; Levine, W.; Zaidi, A.; Griffin, P. M. (Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2001)
In 1992, a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157 infections occurred in southern Africa. In Swaziland, 40,912 physician visits for diarrhea in persons ages >5 years were reported during October through November 1992. This was a sevenfold increase over the same period during 1990-91. The attack rate was 42% among 778 residents we surveyed. Female gender and consuming beef and untreated water were significant risks for illness. E. coli O157:NM was recovered from seven affected foci in Swaziland and South Africa; 27 of 31 patient and environmental isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Compared with previous years, a fivefold increase in cattle deaths occurred in October 1992. The first heavy rains fell that same month (36 mm), following 3 months of drought. Drought, carriage of E. coli O157 by cattle, and heavy rains with contamination of surface water appear to be important factors contributing to this outbreak.
11747693[pmid] Emerg Infect Dis

A quantitative assessment of Arctic shipping in 2010–2014 - Eguíluz, Victor M.; Fernández-Gracia, Juan; Irigoien, Xabier; Duarte, Carlos M. (Scientific Reports, 2016)

Many Newer Power Plants Have Cooling Systems That Reuse Water - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2014)

Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Natural Gas Does the United States Have, and How Long Will It Last? - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2016)

U.S. States: Table C9. Electric Power Sector Consumption Estimates, 2016 [web site] - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016)

Form EIA-860 Detailed Data: Generator-Level Specific Information - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Form EIA-923 Detailed Data: Electric Power Data - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Electric Power Monthly: Table 1.1A. Net Generation From Renewable Sources - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, 2000-2014 - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960-2015. Table P2. Primary Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2015 - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017)
Broader web site: https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.php?sid=US#Production

May 2017 Monthly Energy Review - EIA (U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Electric Power Monthly: Table 7.2b. Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Electric Power Monthly: Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2008-April 2018 - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2017)

Annual Energy Outlook 2018 - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2018)

Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Oil Consumed by the United States Comes From Foreign Countries? - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2018)

Annual Energy Outlook 2018 - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2018)

Energy Market Alerts: Northeastern Winter Energy Alert - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2018)

U.S. Energy Mapping System - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA))

Sea-ice system services: A framework to help identify and meet information needs relevant for Arctic observing networks - Eicken, Hajo; Lovecraft, Amy Lauren; Druckenmiller, Matthew L. (Arctic, 2009)
Keywords: sea ice Arctic ecosystems Arctic Alaska climate change Arctic observing system Arctic policy community-based observations adaptation Alaska Eskimo whaling communities local knowledge

A project for monitoring trends in burn severity - Eidenshink, J.; Schwind, B.; Brewer, K.; Zhu, Z.; Quayle, B.; Howard, S. (Fire Ecology, 2007)

The 2017 Distressed Communities Index: An Analysis of Community Well-Being Across the United States - EIG (Economic Innovation Group (EIG), 2017)
Keywords: added by ERG

Agriculture: Impacts, adaptation and mitigation - Eigenbrode, Sanford D.; Capalbo, Susan M.; Houston, Laurie; Johnson-Maynard, Jodi; Kruger, Chad E.; Olen, Beau (Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes, Waters, and Communities, 2013)

Adaptation to climate change in the transport sector: A review of actions and actors - Eisenack, Klaus; Stecker, Rebecca; Reckien, Diana; Hoffmann, Esther (Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2012)
This paper identifies the literature that deals with adaptation to climate change in the transport sector. It presents a systematic review of the adaptations suggested in the literature. Although it is frequently claimed that this socially and economically important sector is particularly vulnerable to climate change, there is comparatively little research into its adaptation. The 63 sources we found are analysed following an action framework of adaptation. This distinguishes different adaptational functions and means of adaptation. By an open coding procedure, a total of 245 adaptations are found and classified. The paper shows a broad diversity of interdependent actors to be relevant—ranging from transportation providers to public and private actors and households. Crucial actors are hybrid in terms of being public or private. A substantial share of the identified adaptations follows a top-down adaptation policy pattern where a public or hybrid operator initiates action that affects private actors. Most of the exceptions from this pattern are technical or engineering measures. Identified adaptations mostly require institutional means, followed by technical means, and knowledge. Generally, knowledge on adapting transport to climate change is still in a stage of infancy. The existing literature either focuses on overly general adaptations, or on detailed technical measures. Further research is needed on the actual implementation of adaptation, and on more precise institutional instruments that fill the gap between too vague and too site-specific adaptations.

The role of disease transmission and conferred immunity in outbreaks: Analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Eisenberg, Joseph N. S.; Lei, Xiudong; Hubbard, Alan H.; Brookhart, M. Alan; Colford, Jr John M. (American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005)
The authors examined two competing hypotheses regarding the cause of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The first was that oocyst contamination of the drinking-water influent, coupled with a treatment plant failure, resulted in a point-source outbreak. The second was that the outbreak was the result of transmission processes that amplified the oocyst concentration in the drinking-water effluent. Analysis of the model suggested that 1) transmission directly from person to person contributed 10% (95% confidence interval: 6%, 21%) of the total cases; 2) closing the drinking-water plant prevented 19% (95% confidence interval: 17%, 21%) of the additional cases of disease that occurred compared with the scenario in which the plant had not been closed, a result primarily driven by conferred immunity that resulted in depletion of the susceptible population; and 3) the outbreak was caused by a transmission cycle due to infectious persons shedding pathogens into the sewage, environmental transport of these pathogens via Lake Michigan to the drinking-water plant, and infection of susceptible persons via exposure to drinking water. The incidence data were consistent with this hypothesis. Further simulations suggested that increasing the distance between the wastewater effluent and the drinking-water influent may have prevented the outbreak.
10.1093/aje/kwi005

Heat death associations with the built environment, social vulnerability and their interactions with rising temperature - Eisenman, David P.; Wilhalme, Holly; Tseng, Chi-Hong; Chester, Mikhail; English, Paul; Pincetl, Stephanie; Fraser, Andrew; Vangala, Sitaram; Dhaliwal, Satvinder K. (Health & Place, 2016)

Risk interpretation and action: A conceptual framework for responses to natural hazards - Eiser, J. Richard; Bostrom, Ann; Burton, Ian; Johnston, David M.; McClure, John; Paton, Douglas; van der Pligt, Joop; White, Mathew P. (International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2012)
Keywords: Risk Hazard Interpretation Decision Trust

Agriculture: Steps to sustainable livestock - Eisler, Mark C.; Lee, Michael R. F.; Tarlton, John F.; Martin, Graeme B.; Beddington, John; Dungait, Jennifer A. J.; Greathead, Henry; Liu, Jianxin; Mathew, Stephen; Miller, Helen; Misselbrook, Tom; Murray, Phil; et al. (Nature, 2014)

Gauging climate preparedness to inform adaptation needs: Local level adaptation in drinking water quality in CA, USA - Ekstrom, Julia A.; Bedsworth, Louise; Fencl, Amanda (Climatic Change, 2017)
Understanding resource managers’ perceptions of climate change, analytic capacity, and current adaptation activities can provide insight into what can help support adaptation processes at the local level. In California, where a major drought currently demonstrates some of the hardships that could be regularly encountered under a changing climate, we present results from a survey of drinking water utilities about the perceived threat, analytic capacity, and adaptation actions related to maintaining water quality in the face of climate change. Among surveyed utilities (n = 259), awareness is high in regard to climate change occurring and its potential impacts on water quality globally, but perceived risk is lower with regard to climate impacts on local drinking water quality. Just over half of surveyed utilities report at least some adaptation activity to date. The top three variables that most strongly correlated with reported adaptation action were (1) perceived risk on global and local water quality, (2) surface water reliance, and (3) provision of other services beyond drinking water. Other tested variables significantly correlated with reported adaptation action were (4) degree of impact from the current drought and (5) communication with climate change experts. Findings highlight that smaller groundwater-reliant utilities may need the most assistance to initiate climate adaptation processes. Trusted information sources most frequently used across respondents were state government agencies, followed by colleagues in the same utilities. The finding that frequently used sources of information are similar across utilities presents a promising opportunity for training and disseminating climate information to assist those systems needing the most support.

Identifying and overcoming barriers in urban climate adaptation: Case study findings from the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA - Ekstrom, Julia A.; Moser, Susanne C. (Urban Climate, 2014)
Keywords: Climate change Adaptation Governance Barriers Institutions San Francisco

Vulnerability and adaptation of US shellfisheries to ocean acidification - Ekstrom, Julia A.; Suatoni, Lisa; Cooley, Sarah R.; Pendleton, Linwood H.; Waldbusser, George G.; Cinner, Josh E.; Ritter, Jessica; Langdon, Chris; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Gledhill, Dwight; Wellman, Katharine; Beck, Michael W.; et al. (Nature Climate Change, 2015)
Ocean acidification is a global, long-term problem whose ultimate solution requires carbon dioxide reduction at a scope and scale that will take decades to accomplish successfully. Until that is achieved, feasible and locally relevant adaptation and mitigation measures are needed. To help to prioritize societal responses to ocean acidification, we present a spatially explicit, multidisciplinary vulnerability analysis of coastal human communities in the United States. We focus our analysis on shelled mollusc harvests, which are likely to be harmed by ocean acidification. Our results highlight US regions most vulnerable to ocean acidification (and why), important knowledge and information gaps, and opportunities to adapt through local actions. The research illustrates the benefits of integrating natural and social sciences to identify actions and other opportunities while policy, stakeholders and scientists are still in relatively early stages of developing research plans and responses to ocean acidification.

Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism - Eldredge, Niles, and Stephen Jay Gould (Models in Paleobiology, 1972)

Climate change, agriculture and water resources in the southwestern United States - Elias, Emile; Rango, Al; Smith, Ryann; Maxwell, Connie; Steele, Caiti; Havstad, Kris (Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 2016)
Keywords: climate change agriculture water resources Southwest Climate Hub

Southwest Regional Climate Hub and California Subsidiary Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies - Elias, Emile; Steele, Caiti; Havstad, Kris; Steenwerth, Kerri; Chambers, Jeanne; Deswood, Helena; Kerr, Amber; Rango, Albert; Schwartz, Mark; Stine, Peter; Steele, Rachel (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2015)

Assessing climate change impacts on water availability of snowmelt-dominated basins of the Upper Rio Grande basin - Elias, E. H.; Rango, A.; Steele, C. M.; Mejia, J. F.; Smith, R. (Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2015)
Keywords: Snowmelt runoff model Climate change Upper Rio Grande Water resources

Future warming rates over the Hawaiian Islands based on elevation-dependent scaling factors - Elison Timm, Oliver (International Journal of Climatology, 2017)
Regional climate change scenarios are important for understanding their impacts on environments of oceanic islands. This study presents a statistical method that estimates elevation-dependent warming rates for the Hawaiian Islands. The downscaling is facilitated by two important aspects found in the climate change scenarios produced by general circulation models. First, climate model simulations show a strong relationship between height and amplitude of the temperature change over the northern subtropical Pacific. Second, the ratio between the upper air temperature and the surface temperature change is independent of the global warming rate. This information is exploited to produce high-resolution maps with the expected range of future temperature changes for the Hawaiian Islands by the mid and late 21st century. The expected surface warming and its uncertainty is analysed with an ensemble of global climate scenarios for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios (RCP4.5 and 8.5). It is found that the highest mountain elevations warm by a factor 1.5 ± 0.2 compared with the ambient surface temperature anomalies at the sea level. In scenario RCP8.5, high elevations above 3000 m reach up to 4–5 °C warmer temperatures by the late 21st century. The uncertainty due to multi-model ensemble spread is overall larger than the statistical downscaling uncertainty, except for the highest elevations where both contribute equally to the uncertainty range. For the late 21st century, however, the largest uncertainty stems from the choice of emission scenarios.
Keywords: Subtropics Hawaii Temperature Statistical Downscaling elevation-dependent warming

Statistical downscaling of rainfall changes in Hawai‘i based on the CMIP5 global model projections - Elison Timm, Oliver; Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Diaz, Henry F. (Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2015)
Seasonal mean rainfall projections for Hawai‘i are given based on statistical downscaling of the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) global model results for two future representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The spatial information content of our statistical downscaling method is improved over previous efforts through the inclusion of spatially extensive, high-quality monthly rainfall data set and the use of improved large-scale climate predictor information. Predictor variables include moisture transport in the middle atmosphere (700 hPa), vertical temperature gradients, and geopotential height fields of the 1000 and 500 hPa layers. The results allow for the first time to derive a spatially interpolated map with future rainfall change estimates for the main Hawaiian Islands. The statistical downscaling was applied to project wet (November–April) and dry (May–October) season rainfall anomalies for the middle and late 21st century. Overall, the statistical downscaling gives more reliable results for the wet season than for the dry season. The wet-season results indicate a pronounced dipole structure between windward facing mountain slopes and the leeward side of most of the islands. The climatically wet regions on the windward slopes of the mountain regions are expected to become wetter or remain stable in their seasonal precipitation amounts. On the climatically dry leeward sides of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Maui, and Hawai‘i Island, future precipitation exhibits the strongest drying trends. The projected future rainfall anomaly pattern is associated with a circulation anomaly that resembles a shift in the position or strength of the subtropical high and the average location of extratropical troughs. These new results suggest that a negative trend dominates the area-averaged changes in the statistical downscaling over the Hawaiian Islands. However, the islands are expected to experience a greater contrast between the wet and dry regions in the future.
Keywords: Rainfall Hawaii freshwater 1626 Global climate models 3305 Climate change and variability 1637 Regional climate change CMIP 3354 Precipitation 4318 Statistical analysis Statistical Downscaling

Climate change means more flooding for Iowa, scientists say - Eller, Donnelle (Des Moines Register, 2016)

Hunger Factors 2015: Hunger and Poverty in Oregon and Clark County, WA - Elliot, Debi; Mulder, Cameron (Oregon Food Bank, 2016)

Constraints and potentials of future irrigation water availability on agricultural production under climate change - Elliott, Joshua; Deryng, Delphine; Muller, Christoph; Frieler, Katja; Konzmann, Markus; Gerten, Dieter; Glotter, Michael; Florke, Martina; Wada, Yoshihide; Best, Neil; Eisner, Stephanie; Fekete, Balazs M.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014)
Keywords: Agricultural Irrigation/economics/*methods Agriculture/economics/*methods Carbon Dioxide/analysis *Climate Change Computer Simulation Forecasting *Models, Theoretical Water Supply/*statistics & numerical data adaptation agriculture hydrology uncertainty

Loss of foundation species: Consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems - Ellison, Aaron M.; Bank, Michael S.; Clinton, Barton D.; Colburn, Elizabeth A.; Elliott, Katherine; Ford, Chelcy R.; Foster, David R.; Kloeppel, Brian D.; Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Lovett, Gary M.; Mohan, Jacqueline; Orwig, David A.; et al. (Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2005)

Record-breaking early flowering in the eastern United States - Ellwood, Elizabeth R.; Temple, Stanley A.; Primack, Richard B.; Bradley, Nina L.; Davis, Charles C. (PLOS ONE, 2013)
Flowering times are well-documented indicators of the ecological effects of climate change and are linked to numerous ecosystem processes and trophic interactions. Dozens of studies have shown that flowering times for many spring-flowering plants have become earlier as a result of recent climate change, but it is uncertain if flowering times will continue to advance as temperatures rise. Here, we used long-term flowering records initiated by Henry David Thoreau in 1852 and Aldo Leopold in 1935 to investigate this question. Our analyses demonstrate that record-breaking spring temperatures in 2010 and 2012 in Massachusetts, USA, and 2012 in Wisconsin, USA, resulted in the earliest flowering times in recorded history for dozens of spring-flowering plants of the eastern United States. These dramatic advances in spring flowering were successfully predicted by historical relationships between flowering and spring temperature spanning up to 161 years of ecological change. These results demonstrate that numerous temperate plant species have yet to show obvious signs of physiological constraints on phenological advancement in the face of climate change.

Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities, A Global Assessment - Elmqvist, Thomas; Fragkias, Michail; Goodness, Julie; Güneralp, Burak; Marcotullio, Peter J.; McDonald, Robert I.; Parnell, Susan; Schewenius, Maria; Sendstad, Marte; Seto, Karen C.; Wilkinson, Cathy (Springer Netherlands, 2013)
Keywords: added by ERG

Global mountain topography and the fate of montane species under climate change - Elsen, Paul R.; Tingley, Morgan W. (Nature Climate Change, 2015)

Salt marsh carbon pool distribution in a mid-Atlantic lagoon, USA: Sea level rise implications - Elsey-Quirk, Tracy; Seliskar, Denise M.; Sommerfield, Christopher K.; Gallagher, John L. (Wetlands, 2011)
The distribution of carbon (C) within a salt marsh may vary among vegetation zones depending on production and decomposition dynamics and organic and mineral depositional history. We examined spatial and temporal variation of plant and soil C pools within a salt marsh fringing a coastal lagoon along the mid-Atlantic coast of the U.S. The total plant C pool increased from high marsh shrub to low marsh grass dominated areas. Much of the spatial variation in plant C pool was due to fine roots and small organic matter (dlm) that could not be identified by species, which averaged 2398 g C m−2 in Spartina patens-dominated, 2215 g C m−2 in Spartina alterniflora-dominated, and 676 g C m−2 in Juncus roemerianus-dominated areas. Belowground C pool loss was 36% less for S. patens than S. alterniflora and was similar between S. alterniflora and J. roemerianus. Accretion and C accumulation rates were greater in the S. alterniflora-dominated stand than in the J. roemerianus-dominated stand. Our results suggest that landward migration onto terrestrial soils can lead to an estimated 80% increase in belowground plant C composed primarily of fine roots and dlm and 36–70% increase in soil carbon between 15 and 30 cm depths.

The increasing efficiency of tornado days in the United States - Elsner, James B.; Elsner, Svetoslava C.; Jagger, Thomas H. (Climate Dynamics, 2015)
The authors analyze the historical record of tornado reports in the United States and find evidence for changes in tornado climatology possibly related to global warming. They do this by examining the annual number of days with many tornadoes and the ratio of these days to days with at least one tornado and by examining the annual proportion of tornadoes occurring on days with many tornadoes. Additional evidence of a changing tornado climate is presented by considering tornadoes in geographic clusters and by analyzing the density of tornadoes within the clusters. There is a consistent decrease in the number of days with at least one tornado at the same time as an increase in the number of days with many tornadoes. These changes are interpreted as an increasing proportion of tornadoes occurring on days with many tornadoes. Coincident with these temporal changes are increases in tornado density as defined by the number of tornadoes per area. Trends are insensitive to the begin year of the analysis. The bottom line is that the risk of big tornado days featuring densely concentrated tornado outbreaks is on the rise. The results are broadly consistent with numerical modeling studies that project increases in convective energy within the tornado environment.

Implications of 21st century climate change for the hydrology of Washington State - Elsner, M.M.; Cuo, L.; Voisin, N.; Deems, J.S.; Hamlet, A.F.; Vano, J.A.; Mickelson, K.E.B.; Lee, S.Y.; Lettenmaier, D.P. (Climatic Change, 2010)
Pacific Northwest (PNW) hydrology is particularly sensitive to changes in climate because snowmelt dominates seasonal runoff, and temperature changes impact the rain/snow balance. Based on results from the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), we updated previous studies of implications of climate change on PNW hydrology. PNW 21st century hydrology was simulated using 20 Global Climate Models (GCMs) and 2 greenhouse gas emissions scenarios over Washington and the greater Columbia River watershed, with additional focus on the Yakima River watershed and the Puget Sound which are particularly sensitive to climate change. We evaluated projected changes in snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, runoff, and streamflow for A1B and B1 emissions scenarios for the 2020s, 2040s, and 2080s. April 1 SWE is projected to decrease by approximately 38–46% by the 2040s (compared with the mean over water years 1917–2006), based on composite scenarios of B1 and A1B, respectively, which represent average effects of all climate models. In three relatively warm transient watersheds west of the Cascade crest, April 1 SWE is projected to almost completely disappear by the 2080s. By the 2080s, seasonal streamflow timing will shift significantly in both snowmelt dominant and rain–snow mixed watersheds. Annual runoff across the State is projected to increase by 2–3% by the 2040s; these changes are mainly driven by projected increases in winter precipitation.

Assessing the present and future probability of Hurricane Harvey’s rainfall - Emanuel, Kerry (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017)
We estimate, for current and future climates, the annual probability of areally averaged hurricane rain of Hurricane Harvey’s magnitude by downscaling large numbers of tropical cyclones from three climate reanalyses and six climate models. For the state of Texas, we estimate that the annual probability of 500 mm of area-integrated rainfall was about 1% in the period 1981–2000 and will increase to 18% over the period 2081–2100 under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 representative concentration pathway 8.5. If the frequency of such event is increasingly linearly between these two periods, then in 2017 the annual probability would be 6%, a sixfold increase since the late 20th century.

Will global warming make hurricane forecasting more difficult? - Emanuel, Kerry (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2017)
Hurricane track forecasts have improved steadily over the past few decades, yet forecasting hurricane intensity remains challenging. Of special concern are the rare instances of tropical cyclones that intensify rapidly just before landfall, catching forecasters and populations off guard, thereby risking large casualties. Here, we review two historical examples of such events and use scaling arguments and models to show that rapid intensification just before landfall is likely to become increasingly frequent and severe as the globe warms.

Downscaling CMIP5 climate models shows increased tropical cyclone activity over the 21st century - Emanuel, Kerry A. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013)
A recently developed technique for simulating large [O(104)] numbers of tropical cyclones in climate states described by global gridded data is applied to simulations of historical and future climate states simulated by six Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) global climate models. Tropical cyclones downscaled from the climate of the period 1950–2005 are compared with those of the 21st century in simulations that stipulate that the radiative forcing from greenhouse gases increases by over preindustrial values. In contrast to storms that appear explicitly in most global models, the frequency of downscaled tropical cyclones increases during the 21st century in most locations. The intensity of such storms, as measured by their maximum wind speeds, also increases, in agreement with previous results. Increases in tropical cyclone activity are most prominent in the western North Pacific, but are evident in other regions except for the southwestern Pacific. The increased frequency of events is consistent with increases in a genesis potential index based on monthly mean global model output. These results are compared and contrasted with other inferences concerning the effect of global warming on tropical cyclones.

Climate change in the Lumbee River watershed and potential impacts on the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina - Emanuel, Ryan E. (Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 2018)
A growing body of research focuses on climate change and Indigenous peoples. However, relatively little of this work focuses on Native American tribes living in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a large (60,000 member) Native American tribe located on the Coastal Plain in present day North Carolina (U.S.). The tribe has deep connections to the Lumbee River, which flows through a watershed dominated by extensive forested wetlands. In this paper, I outline key issues associated with climate change and water in the region, and I use long-term climatic and hydrologic datasets and analysis to establish context for understanding historical climate change in the Lumbee River watershed. Downscaled climate model outputs for the region show how further changes may affect the hydrologic balance of the watershed. I discuss these changes in terms of environmental degradation and potential impacts on Lumbee culture and persistence, which has remained strong through centuries of adversity and has also experienced a resurgence in recent years. I close by acknowledging the especially vulnerable position of the Lumbee Tribe as a non-federal tribe that lacks access to certain resources, statutory protections, and policies aimed at helping Native American tribes deal with climate change and other environmental challenges.

Using traditional ecological knowledge as a basis for targeted forest inventories: Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) in the US Great Lakes region - Emery, Marla R.; Wrobel, Alexandra; Hansen, Mark H.; Dockry, Michael; Moser, W. Keith; Stark, Kekek Jason; Gilbert, Jonathan H. (Journal of Forestry, 2014)
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been proposed as a basis for enhanced understanding of ecological systems and their management. TEK also can contribute to targeted inventories of resources not included in standard mensuration. We discuss the results of a cooperative effort between the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) and USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA). At the urging of member tribes, GLIFWC staff worked with tribal gatherers to document TEK regarding desired characteristics of birch bark for traditional uses and translated this into an inventory field guide. The guide was provided to FIA, which incorporated the methods into its field manual and trained inventory crews in implementation of the protocol. Birch bark data were collected during three field seasons from 2004 to 2006. Results show birch bark supply has declined. Lessons learned from this multiyear, multistage project provide a model for future targeted inventory efforts.
Keywords: American Indians Betula papyrifera forest inventory and monitoring nontimber forest products traditional ecological knowledge

Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida: Identifying and Prioritizing Threats to Build Resilience Against Climate Effects - Emrich, Christopher T.; Morath, Daniel P.; Bowser, Gregg C.; Reeves, Rachel (Florida Department of Health, 2014)

Holocene sea level database for the Atlantic coast of the United States - Engelhart, Simon E.; Horton, Benjamin P. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2012)
Keywords: Holocene Salt marsh Relative sea level Laurentide Ice Sheet United States Atlantic coast Glacial isostatic adjustment

Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency: Bulletin 17C - England, John F.; Cohn, Timothy A.; Faber, Beth A.; Stedinger, Jery R.; Thomas, Wilbert O., Jr.; Veilleux, Andrea G.; Kiang, Julie E.; Mason, Robert R., Jr. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018)

Adaptive capacity and its assessment - Engle, Nathan L. (Global Environmental Change, 2011)

Estimating the provision of ecosystem services by Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands - Engle, Virginia D. (Wetlands, 2011)
Gulf of Mexico (GOM) coastal wetlands contribute to human well-being by providing many ecosystem services. The GOM region continues to experience substantial losses of coastal wetlands, but the magnitude of reduction in ecosystem services resulting from the loss of GOM coastal wetlands is unknown. To gain an appreciation of the impact of GOM coastal wetland loss on ecosystem services, recent literature was reviewed to derive quantitative estimates of ecosystem services provided by GOM coastal wetlands. GOM coastal wetlands provide essential habitat for the production of juvenile shrimp, which supports the GOM’s most valuable commercial fishery; protect coastal communities from storm surge; improve water quality by removing nitrogen from surface waters; and are valuable sinks for greenhouse gases due to high rates of carbon sequestration combined with low rates of methane emission. Using 1998 to 2004 as a baseline, the potential loss of ecosystem services associated with loss of coastal wetlands is presented. Additional research is needed to quantify wetland services at multiple geospatial and socioeconomic scales, to determine the effect of wetland loss on ecosystem services, and to demonstrate the impact of future management decisions on the capacity of GOM coastal wetlands to provide services that affect human well-being.

Shift from coral to macroalgae dominance on a volcanically acidified reef - Enochs, I. C.; Manzello, D. P.; Donham, E. M.; Kolodziej, G.; Okano, R.; Johnston, L.; Young, C.; Iguel, J.; Edwards, C. B.; Fox, M. D.; Valentino, L.; Johnson, S.; et al. (Nature Climate Change, 2015)

Phenology research for natural resource management in the United States - Enquist, Carolyn A. F.; Kellermann, Jherime L.; Gerst, Katharine L.; Miller-Rushing, Abraham J. (International Journal of Biometeorology, 2014)
Natural resource professionals in the United States recognize that climate-induced changes in phenology can substantially affect resource management. This is reflected in national climate change response plans recently released by major resource agencies. However, managers on-the-ground are often unclear about how to use phenological information to inform their management practices. Until recently, this was at least partially due to the lack of broad-based, standardized phenology data collection across taxa and geographic regions. Such efforts are now underway, albeit in very early stages. Nonetheless, a major hurdle still exists: phenology-linked climate change research has focused more on describing broad ecological changes rather than making direct connections to local to regional management concerns. To help researchers better design relevant research for use in conservation and management decision-making processes, we describe phenology-related research topics that facilitate “actionable” science. Examples include research on evolution and phenotypic plasticity related to vulnerability, the demographic consequences of trophic mismatch, the role of invasive species, and building robust ecological forecast models. Such efforts will increase phenology literacy among on-the-ground resource managers and provide information relevant for short- and long-term decision-making, particularly as related to climate response planning and implementing climate-informed monitoring in the context of adaptive management. In sum, we argue that phenological information is a crucial component of the resource management toolbox that facilitates identification and evaluation of strategies that will reduce the vulnerability of natural systems to climate change. Management-savvy researchers can play an important role in reaching this goal.

Technical Update to Environment and Climate Change Canada's Social Cost of Greenhouse Gas Estimates - Environment and Climate Change Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2016)
ISBN: 978-1-100-25244-5

2017 Annual Climate Trends and Impacts Summary for the Great Lakes Basin - Environment and Climate Change Canada; the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2018)

Barriers to and opportunities for landward migration of coastal wetlands with sea-level rise - Enwright, Nicholas M.; Griffith, Kereen T.; Osland, Michael J. (Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2016)

Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000)

A Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology with Special Reference to Environmental Karst Hydrology - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2002)

EPA Region 10 Guidance for Pacific Northwest State and Tribal Temperature Water Quality Standards - EPA (Region 10 Office of Water, 2003)

Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2004)

Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter - EPA (National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009)

Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sediment - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010)

Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, 2013)

Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment. Fifth report to Congress - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2013)

Watershed Modeling to Assess the Sensitivity of Streamflow, Nutrient, and Sediment Loads to Potential Climate Change and Urban Development in 20 U.S. Watersheds (Final Report) - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2013)

Being Prepared for Climate Change: A Workbook for Developing Risk-Based Adaptation Plans - EPA (U.S. EPA, Office of Water, 2014)

Health Risk and Exposure Assessment for Ozone: Final Report - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2014)

Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Atmospheric Programs, 2015)

Systems Measures of Water Distribution System Resilience - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015)
Keywords: added by ERG

Case Study: Water and Wastewater Utilities Planning for Climate Change. Seminole Tribe of Florida - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2015)

Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action. Health - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Atmospheric Programs, 2015)

Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ground-Level Ozone - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 2015)

Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2016. 4th edition - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)

Report to Congress: Combined Sewer Overflows into the Great Lakes Basin - EPA (U.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Management, 2016)

Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Climate Change Indicators: Ragweed Pollen Season - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Climate Change Indicators: Wildfires - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Emissions Inventory for Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: Heavy-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Phase 2 Final Rule - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Air Quality Design Values: 2016 Design Value Reports [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2016. Fourth Edition. Technical Documentation Overview - EPA (2016)

Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2012: Report to Congress - EPA (EPA, Office of Wastewater Management, 2016)

2014 National Emissions Inventory, Version 1. Technical Support Document - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)

Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Tool (CREAT): Version 3.0 Methodology Guide - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2016)

Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2015 - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)

Multi-Model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Creating Resilient Water Utilities (CRWU) - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Climate Change: Resilience and Adaptation in New England (RAINE) - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Supplemental Information for Ozone Advance Areas Based On Pre-Existing National Modeling Analyses - EPA (U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 2017)

Updates to the Demographic and Spatial Allocation Models to Produce Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) Version 2 - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 2017)

Smart Growth Fixes for Climate Adaptation and Resilience - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)
Keywords: urban adaptation smart growth climate change

Green Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Resources [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

National Air Quality: Status and Trends of Key Air Pollutants [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Hurricane Harvey 2017 [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)

Identifying, Assessing and Adapting to Climate Change Impacts to Yurok Water and Aquatic Resources, Food Security and Tribal Health - EPA (U.S. EPA, 2017)

EPA's Hurricane Maria Response [web story] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 2, 2017)

Climate Change Impacts by State [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2017)

Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016 - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2018)

EJSCREEN: Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool [web tool] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018)

CREAT Risk Assessment Application for Water Utilities [web site] - EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018)

CO2 Mitigation for Climate Risk Management - EPRI (EPRI, 2015)

Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on grain quality parameters and elemental composition of wheat and barley grown in a crop rotation - Erbs, Martin; Manderscheid, Remy; Jansen, Gisela; Seddig, Sylvia; Pacholski, Andreas; Weigel, Hans-Joachim (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2010)
Keywords: Elevated carbon dioxide FACE Microelements Stoichiometry

ERCOT Responds to Hurricane Harvey [web page] - ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), 2017)

18 Major Flood Events Have Hit Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas Since March 2015 - Erdman, Jon (The Weather Channel, 2016)

Potential impacts of climate change on the ecology of dengue and its mosquito vector the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) - Erickson, R. A.; Hayhoe, K.; Presley, S. M.; Allen, L. J. S.; Long, K. R.; Cox, S. B. (Environmental Research Letters, 2012)
Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns caused by global climate change may have profound impacts on the ecology of certain infectious diseases. We examine the potential impacts of climate change on the transmission and maintenance dynamics of dengue, a resurging mosquito-vectored infectious disease. In particular, we project changes in dengue season length for three cities: Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL and Lubbock, TX. These cities are located on the edges of the range of the Asian tiger mosquito within the United States of America and were chosen as test cases. We use a disease model that explicitly incorporates mosquito population dynamics and high-resolution climate projections. Based on projected changes under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1fi (higher) and B1 (lower) emission scenarios as simulated by four global climate models, we found that the projected warming shortened mosquito lifespan, which in turn decreased the potential dengue season. These results illustrate the difficulty in predicting how climate change may alter complex systems.
Keywords: climate change vector-borne diseases vector ecology infectious-diseases human health model establishment population diptera fever

When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles of sustainable adaptation - Eriksen, S.K.; Aldunce, P.; Bahinipati, C. S.; D’Almeida Martins, R.; Molefe, J. I.; Nhemachena, C.; O’Brien, K.; Olorunfemi, F.; Park, J.; Sygna, L.; Ulsrud, K. (Climate and Development, 2011)

Projected wave conditions in the Eastern North Pacific under the influence of two CMIP5 climate scenarios - Erikson, L. H.; Hegermiller, C. A.; Barnard, P. L.; Ruggiero, P.; van Ormondt, M. (Ocean Modelling, 2015)
Keywords: Wave climate GCMs Climate change Eastern North Pacific

Adaptation opportunities and constraints in coupled systems: Evidence from the U.S. energy-water nexus - Ernst, Kathleen M.; Preston, Benjamin L. (Environmental Science & Policy, 2017)
Keywords: Climate change Energy Water Adaptation Decision-making Scale

Rural Education At A Glance, 2017 Edition - ERS (USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), 2017)

County Economic Types, 2015 Edition [website] - ERS (USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), 2017)

Nonmetro County Poverty Rates, 2011-2015 Average [chart] - ERS (USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), 2017)

Atlas of Rural and Small-Town America [web tool] - ERS (USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), 2017)

Nonmetro Population Change, 2010–17 [chart] - ERS (USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), 2018)

U.S. Agricultural Trade at a Glance [web site] - ERS (USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), 2018)

Rural Poverty & Well-Being: Geography of Poverty - ERS (USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), 2018)

The Regional Training Workshops in the Conduct of Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) Studies in Caribbean Countries. Final report - ESL (Environmental Solutions Limited (ESL), 2015)

Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives - Espey, D. K.; Jim, M. A.; Cobb, N.; Bartholomew, M.; Becker, T.; Haverkamp, D.; Plescia, M. (American Journal of Public Health, 2014)
OBJECTIVES: We present regional patterns and trends in all-cause mortality and leading causes of death in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). METHODS: US National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We analyzed temporal trends for 1990 to 2009 and comparisons between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons by geographic region for 1999 to 2009. Results focus on IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in which less race misclassification occurs. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2009 AI/AN persons did not experience the significant decreases in all-cause mortality seen for Whites. For 1999 to 2009 the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons was 46% more than that for Whites. Death rates for AI/AN persons varied as much as 50% among regions. Except for heart disease and cancer, subsequent ranking of specific causes of death differed considerably between AI/AN and White persons. CONCLUSIONS: AI/AN populations continue to experience much higher death rates than Whites. Patterns of mortality are strongly influenced by the high incidence of diabetes, smoking prevalence, problem drinking, and social determinants. Much of the observed excess mortality can be addressed through known public health interventions.
1541-0048 Espey, David K Jim, Melissa A Cobb, Nathaniel Bartholomew, Michael Becker, Tom Haverkamp, Don Plescia, Marcus Journal Article United States Am J Public Health. 2014 Jun;104 Suppl 3:S303-11. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301798. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Keywords: Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Alaska/epidemiology *Cause of Death Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Indians, North American/*statistics & numerical data Infant Infant, Newborn Inuits/*statistics & numerical data Male Middle Aged Mortality/trends United States/epidemiology

NOAA Climate Change Portal - ESRL (NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), 2017)

Fishing amplifies forage fish population collapses - Essington, Timothy E.; Moriarty, Pamela E.; Froehlich, Halley E.; Hodgson, Emma E.; Koehn, Laura E.; Oken, Kiva L.; Siple, Margaret C.; Stawitz, Christine C. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015)
Forage fish provide substantial benefits to both humans and ocean food webs, but these benefits may be in conflict unless there are effective policies governing human activities, such as fishing. Collapses of forage fish induce widespread ecological effects on dependent predators, but attributing collapses to fishing has been difficult because of natural fluctuations of these stocks. We implicate fishing in forage fish stock collapses by showing that high fishing rates are maintained when stock productivity is in rapid decline. As a consequence, the magnitude and frequency but not duration of stock collapses are far greater than expected from natural fluctuations. Risk-based management policies would provide substantial ecological benefits with little effect on fishery catches.Forage fish support the largest fisheries in the world but also play key roles in marine food webs by transferring energy from plankton to upper trophic-level predators, such as large fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Fishing can, thereby, have far reaching consequences on marine food webs unless safeguards are in place to avoid depleting forage fish to dangerously low levels, where dependent predators are most vulnerable. However, disentangling the contributions of fishing vs. natural processes on population dynamics has been difficult because of the sensitivity of these stocks to environmental conditions. Here, we overcome this difficulty by collating population time series for forage fish populations that account for nearly two-thirds of global catch of forage fish to identify the fingerprint of fisheries on their population dynamics. Forage fish population collapses shared a set of common and unique characteristics: high fishing pressure for several years before collapse, a sharp drop in natural population productivity, and a lagged response to reduce fishing pressure. Lagged response to natural productivity declines can sharply amplify the magnitude of naturally occurring population fluctuations. Finally, we show that the magnitude and frequency of collapses are greater than expected from natural productivity characteristics and therefore, likely attributed to fishing. The durations of collapses, however, were not different from those expected based on natural productivity shifts. A risk-based management scheme that reduces fishing when populations become scarce would protect forage fish and their predators from collapse with little effect on long-term average catches.

A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts - Estrada, Francisco; Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Tol, Richard S. J. (Nature Climate Change, 2017)

Global economic impacts of climate variability and change during the 20th century - Estrada, Francisco; Tol, Richard S. J.; Botzen, Wouter J. W. (PLOS ONE, 2017)
Estimates of the global economic impacts of observed climate change during the 20th century obtained by applying five impact functions of different integrated assessment models (IAMs) are separated into their main natural and anthropogenic components. The estimates of the costs that can be attributed to natural variability factors and to the anthropogenic intervention with the climate system in general tend to show that: 1) during the first half of the century, the amplitude of the impacts associated with natural variability is considerably larger than that produced by anthropogenic factors and the effects of natural variability fluctuated between being negative and positive. These non-monotonic impacts are mostly determined by the low-frequency variability and the persistence of the climate system; 2) IAMs do not agree on the sign (nor on the magnitude) of the impacts of anthropogenic forcing but indicate that they steadily grew over the first part of the century, rapidly accelerated since the mid 1970's, and decelerated during the first decade of the 21st century. This deceleration is accentuated by the existence of interaction effects between natural variability and natural and anthropogenic forcing. The economic impacts of anthropogenic forcing range in the tenths of percentage of the world GDP by the end of the 20th century; 3) the impacts of natural forcing are about one order of magnitude lower than those associated with anthropogenic forcing and are dominated by the solar forcing; 4) the interaction effects between natural and anthropogenic factors can importantly modulate how impacts actually occur, at least for moderate increases in external forcing. Human activities became dominant drivers of the estimated economic impacts at the end of the 20th century, producing larger impacts than those of low-frequency natural variability. Some of the uses and limitations of IAMs are discussed.

Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2016: An Indicator-Based Report - European Environment Agency (European Environment Agency, 2017)
ISBN 978-92-9213-835-6

Economic and Ecological Effects of Forest Practices and Harvesting Constraints on Wisconsin’s Forest Resources and Economy - Evans, Alexander M.; Lynch, Michael; Clark, Fred; Mickel, Genesis M.; Chapman, Kim; Tiller, Elizabeth R.; Haynes, Monica (Forest Stewards Guild, 2016)

Indicator-based vulnerability screening for improving infrastructure resilience to climate change risks - Evans, Christopher; Wong, Angela; Snow, Cassandra; Choate, Anne; Rodehorst, Beth (International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2014: Creating Infrastructure for a Sustainable World, 2014)

Species recovery in the United States: Increasing the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act - Evans, Daniel M.; Che-Castaldo, Judy P.; Crouse, Deborah; Davis, Frank W.; Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca; Flather, Curtis H.; Frohlich, R. Kipp; Goble, Dale D.; Li, Ya Wei; Male, Timothy D.; Master, Lawrence L.; Moskwik, Matthew P.; et al. (Issues in Ecology, 2016)

Tybee Island: Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan - Evans, Jason M.; Gambill, Jill; McDowell, Robin J.; Prichard, P. Warwick; Hopkinson, Charles S. (NOAA, Georgia Sea Grant, 2016)

Resilient and sustainable infrastructure for urban energy systems - Evans, Peter C.; Fox-Penner, Peter (Solutions Journal, 2014)
Keywords: Imported by ERG

Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea - Evans, W.; Mathis, J. T.; Cross, J. N. (Biogeosciences, 2014)

On the frontline: Tracking ocean acidification in an Alaskan shellfish hatchery - Evans, Wiley; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Ramsay, Jacqueline; Hetrick, Jeff (PLOS ONE, 2015)

The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands - Ewel, John J.; Whitmore, Jacob L. (USDA Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1973)

Landbird stopover in the Great Lakes region: Integrating habitat use and climate change in conservation - Ewert, DavidN; Hall, KimberlyR; Smith, RobertJ; Rodewald, PaulG (Phenological Synchrony and Bird Migration, 2015)

Chesapeake Bay protection and restoration - Exec. Order No. 13508 of May 12 2009 (74 FR 23099, 2009)

National Strategy for the Arctic Region - Executive Office of the President (The [Obama] White House, 2013)

Fact Sheet: Executive Order on Climate Preparedness - Executive Office of the President (The [Obama] White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 2013)

Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Federal Decision Making - Executive Office of the President (The White House, 2015)

United States Mid-century Strategy for Deep Decarbonization - Executive Office of the President (The White House, 2016)

Climate change: Fiscal risks facing the federal government - Executive Office of the President (The White House, Office of Management and Budget, 2016)

Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord - Executive Office of the President (The White House, 2017)

Executive Order 13783: Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth - Executive Office of the President (The White House, 2017)

Exelon Corporation Sustainability Report 2016 - Exelon (Exelon Corporation, 2017)

Heat stress in cereals: Mechanisms and modelling - Eyshi Rezaei, Ehsan; Webber, Heidi; Gaiser, Thomas; Naab, Jesse; Ewert, Frank (European Journal of Agronomy, 2015)
Keywords: High temperature Heat stress Cereal yield Climate change impact Crop modelling

Adaptation: Linking research and practice - Eyzaguirre, Jimena; Warren, Fiona J. (Canada in a Changing Climate: Sector Perspectives on Impacts and Adaptation, 2014)

Accelerated flooding along the U.S. East Coast: On the impact of sea-level rise, tides, storms, the Gulf Stream, and the North Atlantic Oscillations - Ezer, Tal; Atkinson, Larry P. (Earth’s Future, 2014)
Keywords: coastal flooding sea level rise storm surge tides Gulf Stream NAO 1641 Sea level change 1637 Regional climate change 1630 Impacts of global change 1821 Floods 4217 Coastal processes

Is sea level rise accelerating in the Chesapeake Bay? A demonstration of a novel new approach for analyzing sea level data - Ezer, Tal; Corlett, William Bryce (Geophysical Research Letters, 2012)
Sea level data from the Chesapeake Bay are used to test a novel new analysis method for studies of sea level rise (SLR). The method, based on Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert-Huang Transformation, separates the sea level trend from other oscillating modes and reveals how the mean sea level changes over time. Bootstrap calculations test the robustness of the method and provide confidence levels. The analysis shows that rates of SLR have increased from ∼1–3 mm y−1 in the 1930s to ∼4–10 mm y−1 in 2011, an acceleration of ∼0.05–0.10 mm y−2 that is larger than most previous studies, but comparable to recent findings by Sallenger and collaborators. While land subsidence increases SLR rates in the bay relative to global SLR, the acceleration results support Sallenger et al.'s proposition that an additional contribution to SLR from climatic changes in ocean circulation is affecting the region.

Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities - Fabricius, K. E.; De'ath, G.; Noonan, S.; Uthicke, S. (Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014)
The ecological effects of ocean acidification (OA) from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on benthic marine communities are largely unknown. We investigated in situ the consequences of long-term exposure to high CO2 on coral-reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities around three shallow volcanic CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. The densities of many groups and the number of taxa (classes and phyla) of macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced at elevated CO2 (425–1100 µatm) compared with control sites. However, sensitivities of some groups, including decapod crustaceans, ascidians and several echinoderms, contrasted with predictions of their physiological CO2 tolerances derived from laboratory experiments. High CO2 reduced the availability of structurally complex corals that are essential refugia for many reef-associated macroinvertebrates. This loss of habitat complexity was also associated with losses in many macroinvertebrate groups, especially predation-prone mobile taxa, including crustaceans and crinoids. The transition from living to dead coral as substratum and habitat further altered macroinvertebrate communities, with far more taxa losing than gaining in numbers. Our study shows that indirect ecological effects of OA (reduced habitat complexity) will complement its direct physiological effects and together with the loss of coral cover through climate change will severely affect macroinvertebrate communities in coral reefs.

Synthetic hydrology and climate change scenarios to improve multi-purpose complex water resource systems management. The Lake Ontario–St Lawrence River Study of the International Canada and US Joint Commission - Fagherazzi, L.; Fay, D.; Salas, J. (WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2007)

Coastal processes: Storm-proofing with marshes - Fagherazzi, Sergio (Nature Geoscience, 2014)

Glacier Margin Time Series (1966, 1998, 2005, 2015) of the named glaciers of Glacier National Park, MT, USA - Fagre, Daniel B.; McKeon, Lisa A.; Dick, Kristina A.; Fountain, Andrew G. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2017)

Physical drivers of climate change - Fahey, D.W.; Doherty, S.; Hibbard, K.A.; Romanou, A.; Taylor, P.C. (Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I, 2017)

Climate change and coffee: Assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico - Fain, Stephen J.; Quiñones, Maya; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A. (Climatic Change, 2018)
Coffee production has long been culturally and economically important in Puerto Rico. However, since peaking in the late nineteenth century, harvests are near record lows with many former farms abandoned. While value-added markets present new opportunities to reinvigorate the industry, regional trends associated with climate change may threaten the ability to produce high-quality coffee. Here, we discuss the history of coffee in Puerto Rico, outline important bioclimatic parameters, and model current and future habitat suitability using statistically downscaled climate data. Model projections suggest that warming trends may surpass important temperature thresholds during the coming decades. Under high (A2) and mid-low (A1B) emission scenarios for 2011–2040, Puerto Rico is projected to exceed mean annual temperature parameters for growth of Coffea arabica. Warming and drying trends may accelerate after 2040 and could result in top producing municipalities losing 60–84% of highly suitable growing conditions by 2070. Under the A2 scenario, Puerto Rico may only retain 24 km2 of highly suitable conditions by 2071–2099. High temperatures and low precipitation levels can result in diminished quality and yields, as well as increased exposure and sensitivity to certain insects and diseases. The climate data and models used are based on best current understanding of climate and emission interactions with results best interpreted as projected climate trends rather than predictions of future weather. Planning, innovation, and adaptation provide promising avenues to address current and future socioecological challenges while building a model of sustainable and resilient coffee production in Puerto Rico and throughout the region.

Crop insurance as a strategy for adapting to climate change - Falco, Salvatore Di; Adinolfi, Felice; Bozzola, Martina; Capitanio, Fabian (Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2014)
Keywords: Adaptation climate change crop diversification insurance panel data

The global groundwater crisis - Famiglietti, J. S. (Nature Climate Change, 2014)

Built environment and active commuting: Rural-urban differences in the U.S - Fan, Jessie X.; Wen, Ming; Wan, Neng (SSM - Population Health, 2017)
Keywords: Active commuting Active transportation Rural Urban Built environment Census tracts

The energy and emissions footprint of water supply for Southern California - Fang, A. J.; Newell, Joshua P.; Cousins, Joshua J. (Environmental Research Letters, 2015)
Due to climate change and ongoing drought, California and much of the American West face critical water supply challenges. California’s water supply infrastructure sprawls for thousands of miles, from the Colorado River to the Sacramento Delta. Bringing water to growing urban centers in Southern California is especially energy intensive, pushing local utilities to balance water security with factors such as the cost and carbon footprint of the various supply sources. To enhance water security, cities are expanding efforts to increase local water supply. But do these local sources have a smaller carbon footprint than imported sources? To answer this question and others related to the urban water–energy nexus, this study uses spatially explicit life cycle assessment to estimate the energy and emissions intensity of water supply for two utilities in Southern California: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, which serves Los Angeles, and the Inland Empire Utility Agency, which serves the San Bernardino region. This study differs from previous research in two significant ways: (1) emissions factors are based not on regional averages but on the specific electric utility and generation sources supplying energy throughout transport, treatment, and distribution phases of the water supply chain; (2) upstream (non-combustion) emissions associated with the energy sources are included. This approach reveals that in case of water supply to Los Angeles, local recycled water has a higher carbon footprint than water imported from the Colorado River. In addition, by excluding upstream emissions, the carbon footprint of water supply is potentially underestimated by up to 30%. These results have wide-ranging implications for how carbon footprints are traditionally calculated at local and regional levels. Reducing the emissions intensity of local water supply hinges on transitioning the energy used to treat and distribute water away from fossil fuel, sources such as coal.

Adaptation to climate change - Fankhauser, Sam (Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2017)
This article reviews the economic and analytical challenges of adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate risks that can no longer be avoided is an important aspect of the global response to climate change. Humans have always adapted to changing climatic conditions, and there is growing, if still patchy, evidence of widespread adaptation behavior. However, adaptation is not autonomous as sometimes claimed. It requires knowledge, planning, coordination, and foresight. There are important knowledge gaps, behavioral barriers, and market failures that hold back effective adaptation and require policy intervention. We identify the most urgent adaptation priorities, including areas where delay might lock in future vulnerability, and outline the decision-making challenges of adapting to an unknown future climate. We also highlight the strong interlinkages between adaptation and economic development, pointing out that decisions on industrial strategy, urban planning, and infrastructure investment all have a strong bearing on future vulnerability to climate change. We review the implications of these links for adaptation finance and what the literature tells us about the balance between adaptation and mitigation.
Keywords: climate change adaptation,climate-resilient development,climate change policy,natural disasters

The health impacts and economic value of wildland fire episodes in the U.S.: 2008–2012 - Fann, Neal; Alman, Breanna; Broome, Richard A.; Morgan, Geoffrey G.; Johnston, Fay H.; Pouliot, George; Rappold, Ana G. (Science of the Total Environment, 2018)
Keywords: Health impact assessment Source apportionment PM Ozone CMAQ Wildland fires Wildfires

Ch. 3: Air quality impacts - Fann, Neal; Brennan, Terry; Dolwick, Patrick; Gamble, Janet L.; Ilacqua, Vito; Kolb, Laura; Nolte, Christopher G.; Spero, Tanya L.; Ziska, Lewis (The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, 2016)

Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ozone - Fann, Neal; Lamson, Amy D.; Anenberg, Susan C.; Wesson, Karen; Risley, David; Hubbell, Bryan J. (Risk Analysis, 2012)
Ch3,10

The geographic distribution and economic value of climate change-related ozone health impacts in the United States in 2030 - Fann, Neal; Nolte, Christopher G.; Dolwick, Patrick; Spero, Tanya L.; Curry Brown, Amanda; Phillips, Sharon; Anenberg, Susan (Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2015)

Climate change impacts on US water quality using two models: HAWQS and US Basins - Fant, Charles; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Boehlert, Brent; Rennels, Lisa; Chapra, Steven; Strzepek, Kenneth; Corona, Joel; Allen, Ashley; Martinich, Jeremy (Water, 2017)

The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: Managing Systems at Risk - FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Earthscan, 2011)
ISBN: 978-92-5-106614-0

2016 The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security - FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 2016)
ISBN: 978-92-5-109374-0

Drought Characteristics and Management in the Caribbean - FAO (Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology and FAO, 2016)

Emergency Disaster Designation and Declaration Process - Farm Service Agency (USDA Farm Service Agency, 2017)

Monitoring subsidence associated with groundwater dynamics in the Central Valley of California using interferometric radar - Farr, Tom G.; Liu, Zhen (Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle, 2014)
California's Central Valley produces one quarter of the nation's food, much of it irrigated with groundwater. This chapter presents results of a continuing study of the application of Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to monitoring of land subsidence as a function of groundwater dynamics. It defines the full extent as well as the evolution from 2007 to 2011 of a large subsidence bowl in the southern San Joaquin Valley and presents the results in several different formats geared to different audiences. Further development, including subsurface geologic information, may allow more quantitative estimates of groundwater change based on InSAR subsidence histories. The aquifer system of the southern Central Valley has both unconfined and confined parts caused by alternating layers of coarse and fine‐grained sediments. Snow and surface water are of primary importance in the hydrologic cycle of California, and new techniques are today being applied to their mapping and monitoring.

Climate services and disaster risk reduction in the Caribbean - Farrell, David A. (Climate ExChange, 2012)

On postglacial sea level - Farrell, W. E.; Clark, J. A. (Geophysical Journal International, 1976)
An exact method is presented for calculating the changes in sea level that occur when ice and water masses are rearranged on the surface of elastic and viscoelastic non-rotating Earth models. The method is used to calculate the instantaneous elastic and delayed viscoelastic sea level changes following the partial melting of late Quaternary ice sheets. We find that there can be large errors in the usual assumption that changes in sea level are uniform over the ocean basins. If a quantity of ice equivalent to a uniform 100-m rise in sea level melts from the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets, then in the South Pacific the instantaneous rise in sea level can be as large as 120m. In the North Atlantic the instantaneous rise is always less than 100 m. There is a zone in the North Atlantic with almost no sea level change and near Greenland and Norway the sea level falls, rather than rises, by over 100 m. One thousand years after the melting a forebulge migrating towards the ice loads causes water to flow from the South Pacific into the North Pacific suggesting that raised beaches should occur in the South Pacific. The gravitational attraction of an ice mass upon a nearby ocean tends to hold sea level high in the vicinity of the ice. This extra load near the ice may have a significant influence on postglacial isostatic adjustment.

Poverty and deep poverty increasing in rural America - Farrigan, Tracey (Amber Waves, 2014)

The concentration of poverty is a growing rural problem - Farrigan, Tracey; Parker, Timothy (Amber Waves, 2012)

Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change? A systematic literature review - Fatorić, Sandra; Seekamp, Erin (Climatic Change, 2017)
Climate change poses serious threats to the protection and preservation of cultural heritage and resources. Despite a high level of scholarly interest in climate change impacts on natural and socio-economic systems, a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage and resources across various continents and disciplines is noticeably absent from the literature. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review methodology to identify and characterize the state of knowledge and how the cultural heritage and resources at risk from climate change are being explored globally. Results from 124 reviewed publications show that scholarly interest in the topic is increasing, employs a wide range of research methods, and represents diverse natural and social science disciplines. Despite such increasing and diverse interest in climate change and cultural heritage and resources, the geographic scope of research is limited (predominantly European focused). Additionally, we identified the need for future studies that not only focuses on efficient, sustainable adaptation planning options but also documents if, and how, the implementation of cultural heritage and resources adaptation or preservation is taking place. This systematic literature review can help direct scholarly research in climate change and cultural heritage and resource area. Ultimately, we hope these new directions can influence policy-making for preservation and adaptation of cultural heritage and cultural resources globally.

Evaluating a decision analytic approach to climate change adaptation of cultural resources along the Atlantic Coast of the United States - Fatorić, Sandra; Seekamp, Erin (Land Use Policy, 2017)
Keywords: Cultural heritage Decision analysis Deliberation Evaluation research Structured decision making

A measurement framework to increase transparency in historic preservation decision-making under changing climate conditions - Fatorić, Sandra; Seekamp, Erin (Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2018)
Keywords: Cultural resource management Climate adaptation planning Prioritization Values Deliberation Significance

Water availability and land subsidence in the Central Valley, California, USA - Faunt, Claudia C.; Sneed, Michelle; Traum, Jon; Brandt, Justin T. (Hydrogeology Journal, 2016)
The Central Valley in California (USA) covers about 52,000 km2 and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. This agriculture relies heavily on surface-water diversions and groundwater pumpage to meet irrigation water demand. Because the valley is semi-arid and surface-water availability varies substantially, agriculture relies heavily on local groundwater. In the southern two thirds of the valley, the San Joaquin Valley, historic and recent groundwater pumpage has caused significant and extensive drawdowns, aquifer-system compaction and subsidence. During recent drought periods (2007–2009 and 2012-present), groundwater pumping has increased owing to a combination of decreased surface-water availability and land-use changes. Declining groundwater levels, approaching or surpassing historical low levels, have caused accelerated and renewed compaction and subsidence that likely is mostly permanent. The subsidence has caused operational, maintenance, and construction-design problems for water-delivery and flood-control canals in the San Joaquin Valley. Planning for the effects of continued subsidence in the area is important for water agencies. As land use, managed aquifer recharge, and surface-water availability continue to vary, long-term groundwater-level and subsidence monitoring and modelling are critical to understanding the dynamics of historical and continued groundwater use resulting in additional water-level and groundwater storage declines, and associated subsidence. Modeling tools such as the Central Valley Hydrologic Model, can be used in the evaluation of management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts due to subsidence while also optimizing water availability. This knowledge will be critical for successful implementation of recent legislation aimed toward sustainable groundwater use.

The Soil Erosion Site: Soil Erosion by Water - Favis-Mortlock, D. (2017)

Can Paris pledges avert severe climate change? - Fawcett, Allen A.; Iyer, Gokul C.; Clarke, Leon E.; Edmonds, James A.; Hultman, Nathan E.; McJeon, Haewon C.; Rogelj, Joeri; Schuler, Reed; Alsalam, Jameel; Asrar, Ghassem R.; Creason, Jared; Jeong, Minji; et al. (Science, 2015)

Assessing the effects of ocean acidification in the Northeast US using an end-to-end marine ecosystem model - Fay, Gavin; Link, Jason S.; Hare, Jonathan A. (Ecological Modelling, 2017)
Keywords: Strategic ecosystem modeling Fisheries management Climate change Atlantis Northwest Atlantic Ecosystem indicators Acidification

Order FCC 17-129, in the matter of Connect America Fund [WC Docket No. 10-90] - FCC (Federal Communication Commission (FCC), 2017)

Built on sinking ground, Norfolk tries to hold back tide amid sea-level rise - Fears, Darryl (The Washington Post, 2012)

As salmon vanish in the dry Pacific Northwest, so does Native heritage - Fears, Darryl (The Washington Post, 2015)

Heat stress illness emergency department visits in national environmental public health tracking states, 2005–2010 - Fechter-Leggett, Ethan D.; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish; Choudhary, Ekta (Journal of Community Health, 2016)
Variability of heat stress illness (HSI) by urbanicity and climate region has rarely been considered in previous HSI studies. We investigated temporal and geographic trends in HSI emergency department (ED) visits in CDC Environmental Public Health Tracking Network (Tracking) states for 2005–2010. We obtained county-level HSI ED visit data for 14 Tracking states. We used the National Center for Health Statistics Urban–Rural Classification Scheme to categorize counties by urbanicity as (1) large central metropolitan (LCM), (2) large fringe metropolitan, (3) small–medium metropolitan, or (4) nonmetropolitan (NM). We also assigned counties to one of six US climate regions. Negative binomial regression was used to examine trends in HSI ED visits over time across all counties and by urbanicity for each climate region, adjusting for pertinent variables. During 2005–2010, there were 98,462 HSI ED visits in the 14 states. ED visits for HSI decreased 3.0 % (p < 0.01) per year. Age-adjusted incidence rates of HSI ED visits increased from most urban to most rural. Overall, ED visits were significantly higher for NM areas (IRR = 1.41, p < 0.01) than for LCM areas. The same pattern was observed in all six climate regions; compared with LCM, NM areas had from 14 to 90 % more ED visits for HSI. These findings of significantly increased HSI ED visit rates in more rural settings suggest a need to consider HSI ED visit variability by county urbanicity and climate region when designing and implementing local HSI preventive measures and interventions.

Accounting for Impairment of General Property, Plant, and Equipment Remaining in Use - Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 2013)

Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework - Federal Highway Administration (Federal Highway Administration, 2012)

Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Impacts on a Coastal Bridge: I-10 Bayway, Mobile Bay, Alabama - Federal Highway Administration (Federal Highway Administration,Transportation Engineering Approaches to Climate Resiliency (TEACR) Project, 2016)

Request for Information: Public Input on the Sustained Assessment Process of the U.S. National Climate Assessment - Federal Register Notice (Office of Science and Technology, 2015)

Public Comment on an Annotated Outline for the Fourth National Climate Assessment - Federal Register Notice (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2016)

United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) - Federal Register Notice (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2016)

United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) - Federal Register Notice (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2017)