Quantifying impacts of heat waves on power grid operation - Ke, Xinda; Wu, Di; Rice, Jennie; Kintner-Meyer, Michael; Lu, Ning (Applied Energy, 2016)
Keywords: Climate change Heat wave Power grid operation Production cost model Unit commitment

CCE fire regimes and their management - Keane, Robert E.; Key, Carl (Sustaining Rocky Mountain Landscapes: Science, Policy and Management for the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem, 2007)

The cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountain ecosystems - Keane, Robert E.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Veblen, Thomas T.; Allen, Craig D.; Logan, Jesse A.; Hawkes, Brad (Rocky Mountain Futures: An Ecological Perspective, 2002)

Relationships between fires and winter habitat of deer in Idaho - Keay, Jeffrey A.; Peek, James M. (Journal of Wildlife Management, 1980)

Climate change and future fire regimes: Examples from California - Keeley, Jon; Syphard, Alexandra (Geosciences, 2016)

Climate gentrification: From theory to empiricism in Miami-Dade County, Florida - Keenan, Jesse M.; Hill, Thomas; Gumber, Anurag (Environmental Research Letters, 2018)
This article provides a conceptual model for the pathways by which climate change could operate to impact geographies and property markets whose inferior or superior qualities for supporting the built environment are subject to a descriptive theory known as ‘Climate Gentrification.’ The article utilizes Miami-Dade County, Florida (MDC) as a case study to explore the market mechanisms that speak to the operations and processes inherent in the theory. This article tests the hypothesis that the rate of price appreciation of single-family properties in MDC is positively related to and correlated with incremental measures of higher elevation (the ‘Elevation Hypothesis’). As a reflection of an increase in observed nuisance flooding and relative SLR, the second hypothesis is that the rates of price appreciation in lowest the elevation cohorts have not kept up with the rates of appreciation of higher elevation cohorts since approximately 2000 (the ‘Nuisance Hypothesis’). The findings support a validation of both hypotheses and suggest the potential existence of consumer preferences that are based, in part, on perceptions of flood risk and/or observations of flooding. These preferences and perceptions are anticipated to be amplified by climate change in a manner that reinforces the proposition that climate change impacts will affect the marketability and valuation of property with varying degrees of environmental exposure and resilience functionality. Uncovering these empirical relationships is a critical first step for understanding the occurrence and parameters of Climate Gentrification.

Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology - Keenan, Trevor F.; Gray, Josh; Friedl, Mark A.; Toomey, Michael; Bohrer, Gil; Hollinger, David Y.; Munger, J. William; O/'Keefe, John; Schmid, Hans Peter; Wing, Ian Sue; Yang, Bai; Richardson, Andrew D. (Nature Climate Change, 2014)

The timing of autumn senescence is affected by the timing of spring phenology: Implications for predictive models - Keenan, Trevor F.; Richardson, Andrew D. (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Keywords: budburst climate change leaf senescence senescence model spring flushing tree phenology

Hawai‘i and U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands - Keener, V.; Helweg, D.; Asam, S.; Balwani, S.; Burkett, M.; Fletcher, C.; Giambelluca, T.; Grecni, Z.; Nobrega-Olivera, M.; Polovina, J.; Tribble, G. (Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II, 2018)

Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts. Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA) - Keener, V.; Marra, J.J.; Finucane, M.L.; Spooner, D.; Smith, M.H. (Island Press, 2012)

Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs - Keeney, Ralph L.; Raiffa, Howard (Cambridge University Press, 1993)

Climate Change and Rural Communities in the US. Draft Briefing Paper - Keller Jensen, Jennifer (Rural Policy Research Institute, 2009)

Review of the ecosystem service implications of mangrove encroachment into salt marshes - Kelleway, Jeffrey J.; Cavanaugh, Kyle; Rogers, Kerrylee; Feller, Ilka C.; Ens, Emilie; Doughty, Cheryl; Saintilan, Neil (Global Change Biology, 2017)
Keywords: blue carbon climate change coastal protection cultural values habitat function mangrove expansion nutrient cycling salt marsh sea-level rise threatened species

Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought - Kelley, Colin P.; Mohtadi, Shahrzad; Cane, Mark A.; Seager, Richard; Kushnir, Yochanan (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015)
Before the Syrian uprising that began in 2011, the greater Fertile Crescent experienced the most severe drought in the instrumental record. For Syria, a country marked by poor governance and unsustainable agricultural and environmental policies, the drought had a catalytic effect, contributing to political unrest. We show that the recent decrease in Syrian precipitation is a combination of natural variability and a long-term drying trend, and the unusual severity of the observed drought is here shown to be highly unlikely without this trend. Precipitation changes in Syria are linked to rising mean sea-level pressure in the Eastern Mediterranean, which also shows a long-term trend. There has been also a long-term warming trend in the Eastern Mediterranean, adding to the drawdown of soil moisture. No natural cause is apparent for these trends, whereas the observed drying and warming are consistent with model studies of the response to increases in greenhouse gases. Furthermore, model studies show an increasingly drier and hotter future mean climate for the Eastern Mediterranean. Analyses of observations and model simulations indicate that a drought of the severity and duration of the recent Syrian drought, which is implicated in the current conflict, has become more than twice as likely as a consequence of human interference in the climate system.
Keywords: climate change Drought conflict Syria unrest

Strengthening the Capacity of Pacific Developing Member Countries to Respond to Climate Change (Phase 1) - Kellogg Brown and Root Pty. Ltd; KBR.com, Now: (2012)
Most of ADB’s Pacific developing member countries (DMCs)1 are small and remote, with fragile biodiversity, and among the nations most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Pacific DMCs are unable to absorb the economic shocks attributed to climate impacts, and are constrained by low human, financial, and technical capacity; limited availability of scientific information; and poor coordination between the numerous donors. The regional capacity development TA aimed to assist the Pacific DMCs to build resilience to climate change, climate variability, and extreme weather events through adaptation and, where possible, mitigation, taking into account local country-specific issues and needs, and complementing existing climate change activities in the region.

Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change - Kelly, Anne E.; Goulden, Michael L. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008)

Human amplified changes in precipitation–runoff patterns in large river basins of the Midwestern United States - Kelly, Sara A.; Takbiri, Zeinab; Belmont, Patrick; Foufoula-Georgiou, Efi (Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2017)

Postglacial expansion pathways of red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, in the Caribbean Basin and Florida - Kennedy, John Paul; Pil, Maria W.; Proffitt, C. Edward; Boeger, Walter A.; Stanford, Alice M.; Devlin, Donna J. (American Journal of Botany, 2016)
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was a period of massive range contraction. Post-LGM, water-dispersed coastal species, including the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), expanded poleward as propagules were transported by ocean currents. We assessed postglacial marine expansion pathways for R. mangle within the Caribbean Basin and Florida.METHODS: Six microsatellite loci were used to genotype 237 individuals from nine R. mangle populations in the Caribbean, Florida, and Northwest Africa. We evaluated genetic variation, population structure, gene flow along alternative post-LGM expansion pathways to Florida, and potential long-distance dispersal (LDD) from West Africa to Caribbean islands.KEY RESULTS: These R. mangle populations had substantial genetic structure (FST = 0.37, P < 0.0001) with three discrete population clusters (Caribbean mainland, Caribbean islands, and Florida). Genetic connectivity along the mainland pathway (Caribbean mainland to Florida) vs. limited gene dispersal along the Antilles Island pathway (Caribbean islands to Florida) supported Florida recolonization from Caribbean mainland sources. Genetic similarity of Northwest Africa and two Caribbean islands provided evidence for trans-Atlantic LDD. We did not find a pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with latitude.CONCLUSIONS: We outline a complex expansion history for R. mangle, with discrete pathways of recolonization for Florida and Caribbean islands. Contrary to expectation, connectivity to putative Caribbean mainland refugial populations via ocean currents, and not latitude, appears to dictate genetic diversity within Caribbean island and Florida R. mangle. These findings provide a framework for further investigation of additional water-dispersed neotropical species, and insights for management initiatives.

Use and effectiveness of municipal water restrictions during drought in Colorado - Kenney, Douglas S.; Klein, Roberta A.; Clark, Martyn P. (JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2004)
Keywords: water conservation drought water restrictions urban water management

Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health - Kenney, W. Larry; Craighead, Daniel H.; Alexander, Lacy M. (Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014)
This brief review is based on a President’s Lecture presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in 2013. The purpose of this review was to assess the effects of climate change and consequent increases in environmental heat stress on the aging cardiovascular system. The earth’s average global temperature is slowly but consistently increasing, and along with mean temperature changes come increases in heat wave frequency and severity. Extreme passive thermal stress resulting from prolonged elevations in ambient temperature and prolonged physical activity in hot environments creates a high demand on the left ventricle to pump blood to the skin to dissipate heat. Even healthy aging is accompanied by altered cardiovascular function, which limits the extent to which older individuals can maintain stroke volume, increase cardiac output, and increase skin blood flow when exposed to environmental extremes. In the elderly, the increased cardiovascular demand during heat waves is often fatal because of increased strain on an already compromised left ventricle. Not surprisingly, excess deaths during heat waves 1) occur predominantly in older individuals and 2) are overwhelmingly cardiovascular in origin. Increasing frequency and severity of heat waves coupled with a rapidly growing at-risk population dramatically increase the extent of future untoward health outcomes.
Keywords: HEAT STRESS CLIMATE CHANGE CARDIOVASCULAR STRAIN HEAT WAVE CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW AGE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Wildfires and Air Pollution: The Hidden Health Hazards of Climate Change - Kenward, Alyson; Adams-Smith, Dennis; Raja, Urooj (Climate Central, 2013)

Blackout: Extreme Weather, Climate Change and Power Outages - Kenward, Alyson; Raja, Urooj (Climate Central, 2014)

Overflow: Climate Change, Heavy Rain, and Sewage - Kenward, Alyson; Zenes, Nicole; Bronzan, James; Brady, Jennifer; Shah, Kasturi (States at Risk, 2016)

Surface Transportation Interdependencies & Convergence with the Power Sector - Keogh, Miles; Thomas, Sharon (National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, 2016)

The regime complex for climate change - Keohane, Robert O.; Victor, David G. (Perspectives on Politics, 2011)
There is no integrated regime governing efforts to limit the extent of climate change. Instead, there is a regime complex: a loosely-coupled set of specific regimes. We describe the regime complex for climate change and seek to explain it, using interest-based, functional, and organizational arguments. This institutional form is likely to persist; efforts to build a comprehensive regime are unlikely to succeed, but experiments abound with narrower institutions focused on particular aspects of the climate change problem. Building on this analysis, we argue that a climate change regime complex, if it meets specified criteria, has advantages over any politically feasible comprehensive regime. Adaptability and flexibility are particularly important in a setting—such as climate change policy—in which the most demanding international commitments are interdependent yet governments vary widely in their interest and ability to implement them. Yet in view of the serious political constraints, both domestic and international, there is little reason for optimism that the climate regime complex that is emerging will lead to reductions in emissions rapid enough to meet widely discussed goals, such as stopping global warming at two degrees above pre-industrial levels.

How to Reduce Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle - Keown, Jeffery F.; Kononoff, Paul J.; Grant, Richard J. (University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2016)

The capacity of refugia for conservation planning under climate change - Keppel, Gunnar; Mokany, Karel; Wardell-Johnson, Grant W.; Phillips, Ben L.; Welbergen, Justin A.; Reside, April E. (Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2015)

US exposure to multiple landscape stressors and climate change - Kerns, B. K.; Kim, J. B.; Kline, J. D.; Day, M. A. (Regional Environmental Change, 2016)
We examined landscape exposure to wildfire potential, insects and disease risk, and urban and exurban development for the conterminous US (CONUS). Our analysis relied on spatial data used by federal agencies to evaluate these stressors nationally. We combined stressor data with a climate change exposure metric to identify when temperature is likely to depart from historical conditions and become "unprecedented." We used a neighborhood analysis procedure based on key stressor thresholds within a geographic information system to examine the extent of landscape exposure to our set of individual and coinciding stressors. Our focus is on identifying large contiguous areas of stress exposure which would be of national concern to identify potential locations most vulnerable to resulting ecological and social disruption. The arrival of record-setting temperatures may be both rapid and widespread within the CONUS under RCP8.5. By 2060, 91 % of the CONUS could depart from the climate of the last century. While much of the CONUS may be impacted by at least one of the landscape stressors we examined, multiple coinciding stressors occurred for less than 9 % of the CONUS. The two most prevalent coinciding stressors were (1) wildfire potential combined with insects and disease risk, and (2) climate departure combined with urban and exurban development. Combined exposure to three or more stressors was rare, but we did identify several localized high-population areas that may be vulnerable to future change. Additional assessment and research for these areas may provide early and proactive approaches to mitigating multiple stressor exposure.
Keywords: Urban climate change urbanization Projection

Vulnerability of California specialty crops to projected mid-century temperature changes - Kerr, Amber; Dialesandro, Jake; Steenwerth, Kerri; Lopez-Brody, Nathan; Elias, Emile (Climatic Change, 2017)
Increasing global temperatures are likely to have major impacts on agriculture, but the effects will vary by crop and location. This paper describes the temperature sensitivity and exposure of selected specialty crops in California. We used literature synthesis to create several sensitivity indices (from 1 to 4) to changes in winter minimum and summer maximum temperature for the top 14 specialty crops. To estimate exposure, we used seasonal period change analysis of mid-century minimum and maximum temperature changes downscaled to county level from CMIP5 models. We described crop vulnerability on a county basis as (crop sensitivity index × county climate exposure × area of crop in county); individual crop vulnerabilities were combined to create an aggregate index of specialty crop vulnerability by county. We also conducted analyses scaled by crop value rather than area, and normalized to total specialty crop area in each county. Our analyses yielded a spatial assessment highlighting seasons and counties of highest vulnerability. Winter and summer vulnerability are correlated, but not highly so. High-producing counties (e.g., Fresno County in the San Joaquin Valley) are the most vulnerable in absolute terms, while northern Sacramento Valley counties are the most vulnerable in relative terms, due to their reliance on heat-sensitive perennial crops. Our results illustrate the importance of examining crop vulnerability from different angles. More physiological and economic research is needed to build a comprehensive picture of specialty crop vulnerability to climate change.

Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents - Kerr, Jeremy T.; Pindar, Alana; Galpern, Paul; Packer, Laurence; Potts, Simon G.; Roberts, Stuart M.; Rasmont, Pierre; Schweiger, Oliver; Colla, Sheila R.; Richardson, Leif L.; Wagner, David L.; Gall, Lawrence F.; et al. (Science, 2015)
Responses to climate change have been observed across many species. There is a general trend for species to shift their ranges poleward or up in elevation. Not all species, however, can make such shifts, and these species might experience more rapid declines. Kerr et al. looked at data on bumblebees across North America and Europe over the past 110 years. Bumblebees have not shifted northward and are experiencing shrinking distributions in the southern ends of their range. Such failures to shift may be because of their origins in a cooler climate, and suggest an elevated susceptibility to rapid climate change.Science, this issue p. 177For many species, geographical ranges are expanding toward the poles in response to climate change, while remaining stable along range edges nearest the equator. Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change–related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients. We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects are independent of changing land uses or pesticide applications and underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.

Enhancing Household Food Security in Times of Environmental Hazards - Kersey, B. (University of East Anglia, U.K., 2011)

Integrating scientific and local knowledge to inform risk-based management approaches for climate adaptation - Kettle, Nathan P.; Dow, Kirstin; Tuler, Seth; Webler, Thomas; Whitehead, Jessica; Miller, Karly M. (Climate Risk Management, 2014)
Keywords: Barrier island South Carolina Climate adaptation Mediated modeling Risk management

The role of climate webinars in supporting boundary chain networks across Alaska - Kettle, Nathan P.; Trainor, Sarah F. (Climate Risk Management, 2015)

Potential effects of climate change on the productivity of U.S. dairies - Key, Nigel; Sneeringer, Stacy (American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2014)
In the United States, climate change is likely to increase average daily temperatures and the frequency of heat waves, which can reduce meat and milk production in animals. Methods that livestock producers use to mitigate thermal stress—including modifications to animal management or housing—tend to increase production costs. We use operation-level economic data coupled with finely-scaled climate data to estimate how the local thermal environment affects the technical efficiency of dairies across the United States. We then use this information to estimate the possible decline in milk production in 2030 resulting from climate change-induced heat stress under the simplifying assumptions that the production technology, location of production, and other factors are held constant. For four climate model scenarios, the results indicate modest heat-stress-related production declines by 2030, with the largest declines occurring in the southern states.
10.1093/ajae/aau002

Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production - Key, Nigel; Sneeringer, Stacy; Marquardt, David (USDA Economic Research Service, 2014)

Passamaquoddy Tribe named Project Developer of the Year - Keyes, Bob (Indian Country Today, 2017)

Fire in the air: Biomass burning impacts in a changing climate - Keywood, Melita; Kanakidou, Maria; Stohl, Andreas; Dentener, Frank; Grassi, Giacomo; Meyer, C. P.; Torseth, Kjetil; Edwards, David; Thompson, Anne M.; Lohmann, Ulrike; Burrows, John (Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2013)
Fire has a role in ecosystem services; naturally produced wildfires are important for the sustainability of many terrestrial biomes and fire is one of nature's primary carbon-cycling mechanisms. Under a warming climate, it is likely that fire frequency and severity will increase. There is some evidence that fire activity may already be increasing in Western U.S. forests and recent exceptionally intense fire events, such as the Australian Black Saturday fires in 2009 and Russian fires in 2010, highlight the devastation of fires associated with extreme weather. The impacts of emissions from fires on global atmospheric chemistry, and on the atmospheric burden of greenhouse gases and aerosols are recognized although gaps remain in our scientific understanding of the processes involved and the environmental consequences of fires. While significant uncertainty remains in the long-term impacts of forest fires on climate, new sophisticated tools have recently become available (observational and modeling). These tools provide insight into changing wildfires and intentional biomass burning activity in the Anthropocene era that is marked by humans’ impact on Earth. The understanding of the impact of wildfires and intentional biomass burning emissions on the present and future climate is reviewed. Presently, fires and their emissions are controlled under fire management and emission reduction schemes. Under future climate conditions, significantly more effective controls on these fires seem necessary. Continued and improved monitoring to support and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adopted measures, and further deepening of knowledge on the mechanistic and sociological factors that influence fires and their environmental impacts is highly needed. Wildfires and biomass burning are important for a range of international and domestic policies, including air pollution, climate, poverty, security, food supply, and biodiversity. Climate change will make the need to coherently address fires based on scientifically sound measurements and modeling even more pertinent

Climate change impact on management of deteriorating bridges: A case study of US Midwest region - Khatami, Dena; Shafei, Behrouz (96th Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting, 2017)

Rapid submarine ice melting in the grounding zones of ice shelves in West Antarctica - Khazendar, Ala; Rignot, Eric; Schroeder, Dustin M.; Seroussi, Helene; Schodlok, Michael P.; Scheuchl, Bernd; Mouginot, Jeremie; Sutterley, Tyler C.; Velicogna, Isabella (Nature Communications, 2016)
Ice-shelf bottom melting is thought to cause mass loss in West Antarctica. Here, the authors analyse radar observations of the Dotson and Crosson ice shelves to directly quantify grounding zone unbalanced melting of up to 70 m per year, and illustrate its relation with be…

Impacts of climate change on scour-vulnerable bridges: Assessment based on HYRISK - Khelifa, A.; Garrow, L.; Higgins, M.; Meyer, M. (Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2013)

Transit navigation through Northern Sea Route from satellite data and CMIP5 simulations - Khon, Vyacheslav C.; Mokhov, Igor I.; Semenov, Vladimir A. (Environmental Research Letters, 2017)
Rapid Arctic sea ice decline over the last few decades opens new perspectives for Arctic marine navigation. Further warming in the Arctic will promote the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative to the conventional Suez or Panama Canal routes for intercontinental shipping. Here we use both satellite data and CMIP5 ensemble of climate models to estimate the NSR transit window allowing intercontinental navigation between Atlantic and Pacific regions. To this end, we introduce a novel approach to calculate start and end dates of the navigation season along the NSR. We show that modern climate models are able to reproduce the mean time of the NSR transit window and its trend over the last few decades. The selected models demonstrate that the rate of increase of the NSR navigation season will slow down over the next few decades with the RCP4.5 scenario. By the end of the 21st century ensemble-mean estimates show an increase of the NSR transit window by about 4 and 6.5 months according to RCP4.5 and 8.5, respectively. Estimated trends for the end date of the navigation season are found to be stronger compared to those for the start date.

HECO lifts power conservation amid hot, muggy conditions - KHON Web Staff (KHON2 (Nexstar Broadcasting), 2015)

Worker health and safety and climate change in the Americas: Issues and research needs - Kiefer, Max; Rodríguez-Guzmán, Julietta; Watson, Joanna; van Wendel de Joode, Berna; Mergler, Donna; da Silva, Agnes Soares (Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health, 2016)
This report summarizes and discusses current knowledge on the impact that climate change can have on occupational safety and health (OSH), with a particular focus on the Americas. Worker safety and health issues are presented on topics related to specific stressors (e.g., temperature extremes), climate associated impacts (e.g., ice melt in the Arctic), and a health condition associated with climate change (chronic kidney disease of non-traditional etiology). The article discusses research needs, including hazards, surveillance, and risk assessment activities to better characterize and understand how OSH may be associated with climate change events. Also discussed are the actions that OSH professionals can take to ensure worker health and safety in the face of climate change.
27991978[pmid] Rev Panam Salud Publica

Derivation and analysis of a complete modern-date glacier inventory for Alaska and northwest Canada - Kienholz, Christian; Herreid, Sam; Rich, Justin L.; Arendt, Anthony A.; Hock, Regine; Burgess, Evan W. (Journal of Glaciology, 2015)
Keywords: GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS GLACIER MAPPING REMOTE SENSING

Mutualisms in a changing world: An evolutionary perspective - Kiers, E. Toby; Palmer, T. M.; Ives, A. R.; Bruno, J. F.; Bronstein, J. L. (Ecology Letters, 2010)
There is growing concern that rapid environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind species to a common fate, mutualism breakdown has the potential to expand and accelerate effects of global change on biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption. The current focus on the ecological dynamics of mutualism under global change has skirted fundamental evolutionary issues. Here, we develop an evolutionary perspective on mutualism breakdown to complement the ecological perspective, by focusing on three processes: (1) shifts from mutualism to antagonism, (2) switches to novel partners and (3) mutualism abandonment. We then identify the evolutionary factors that may make particular classes of mutualisms especially susceptible or resistant to breakdown and discuss how communities harbouring mutualisms may be affected by these evolutionary responses. We propose a template for evolutionary research on mutualism resilience and identify conservation approaches that may help conserve targeted mutualisms in the face of environmental change.
Toby Kiers, E Palmer, Todd M Ives, Anthony R Bruno, John F Bronstein, Judith L Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. England Ecol Lett. 2010 Dec;13(12):1459-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01538.x. Epub 2010 Oct 19.
Keywords: Animals Biological Evolution Ecosystem Environment Global Warming Humans Symbiosis/ physiology

State of the U.S. Ocean and Coastal Economies: 2016 Update - Kildow, Judith T.; Colgan, Charles S.; Johnston, Pat; Scorse, Jason D.; Farnum, Maren Gardiner (National Ocean Economics Program, 2016)

Coffee in the 21st Century: Will Climate Change and Increased Demand Lead to New Deforestation? - Killeen, Timothy J.; Harper, Grady (Conservation International, 2016)

Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases - Kilpatrick, A. M.; Randolph, S. E. (Lancet, 2012)
Emerging vector-borne diseases are an important issue in global health. Many vector-borne pathogens have appeared in new regions in the past two decades, while many endemic diseases have increased in incidence. Although introductions and emergence of endemic pathogens are often considered to be distinct processes, many endemic pathogens are actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. We draw attention to key differences between dynamics and disease burden that result from increased pathogen transmission after habitat change and after introduction into new regions. Local emergence is commonly driven by changes in human factors as much as by enhanced enzootic cycles, whereas pathogen invasion results from anthropogenic trade and travel where and when conditions (eg, hosts, vectors, and climate) are suitable for a pathogen. Once a pathogen is established, ecological factors related to vector characteristics can shape the evolutionary selective pressure and result in increased use of people as transmission hosts. We describe challenges inherent in the control of vector-borne zoonotic diseases and some emerging non-traditional strategies that could be effective in the long term.
Kilpatrick, A Marm Randolph, Sarah E R01 AI090159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England Nihms495681 Lancet. 2012 Dec 1;380(9857):1946-55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9.
Keywords: Animals Blood-Borne Pathogens Climate Change Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/ prevention & control/transmission Disease Vectors Humans Incidence Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Tick Infestations/epidemiology World Health Zoonoses/ epidemiology

Climate change impacts on maize-yield potential in the southwestern United States - Kim, Seung Hee; Kim, Jinwon; Walko, Rovert; Myoung, Boksoon; Stack, David; Kafatos, Menas (Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2015)
Keywords: Regional climate change yield potential crop model regional climate model maize Southwestern United States

Wheat responses to a wide range of temperatures: The Hot Serial Cereal Experiment - Kimball, B.A.; White, J.W.; Wall, G.W.; Ottman, M.J. (Improving Modeling Tools to Assess Climate Change Effects on Crop Response, 2016)
Concomitant with the increase in Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperatures are warming on a global scale. Crop growth models are useful tools to predict the likely effects of these global changes on agricultural productivity and to develop strategies to maximize the benefits and minimize the detriments of such changes. However, few models have been tested at the higher temperatures expected in the future. Therefore, we conducted an experiment, termed the Hot Serial Cereal Experiment, on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—the world's foremost food and feed crop—to obtain a dataset appropriate for testing the high-temperature performance of wheat growth models. Wheat was planted serially about every 6 wk for over 2 yr at Maricopa, AZ, USA, which experiences the whole range of temperatures at which plants grow on Earth. In addition, on six planting dates, infrared heaters in a temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system were deployed over one-third of the plots to warm the plots by an additional 1.5°C during daytime and 3.0°C at night. Overall, a dataset covering 27 differently treated wheat crops was obtained covering an air temperature range from -2 to +42°C. Crop grain yields ranged from 0 to 800 g m-2. Crops planted in midwinter (normal planting time) yielded the most, as expected. Crops planted in fall suffered frost damage that was ameliorated by T-FACE warming, whereas spring-planted crops had lower yields that were exacerbated by T-FACE. Summer-planted crops failed. Regressions against season-long average air temperature revealed a lethal temperature of 32°C or higher.

Annual Report - Kimmerer, Robin; Patterson, Neil (Center for Native Peoples and the Environment, 2016)

Getting to the right side of the river: Lessons for binational cooperation on the road to minute 319 - King, Jonathan S.; Culp, Peter W.; de la Parra, Carlos (University of Denver Water Law Review, 2014)

Current and projected heat-related morbidity and mortality in Rhode Island - Kingsley, Samantha L.; Eliot, Melissa N.; Gold, Julia; Vanderslice, Robert R.; Wellenius, Gregory A. (Environmental Health Perspectives, 2016)

Come Heat and High Water: Climate Risk in the Southeastern U.S. and Texas - Kinniburgh, Fiona; Simonton, Mary Greer; Allouch, Candice (Risky Business Project, 2015)

Coastal Hazard Field Investigations in Response to the November 2011 Bering Sea Storm, Norton Sound, Alaska - Kinsman, Nicole E.M.; DeRaps, Meagan R (Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 2012)

Actionable knowledge for environmental decision making: Broadening the usability of climate science - Kirchhoff, Christine J.; Lemos, Maria Carmen; Dessai, Suraje (Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2013)
Despite the rapid evolution and growing complexity in models of science-society interaction, the rate and breadth of use of scientific knowledge in environmental decision making, especially related to climate variability and change, remain below expectations. This suggests a persistent gap between production and use that, to date, efforts to rethink and restructure science production have not been able to surmount. We review different models of science-policy interfaces to understand how they have influenced the organization of knowledge production and application. We then explore how new approaches to the creation of knowledge have emerged, involving both growing integration across disciplines and greater interaction with users. Finally, we review climate information use in the United States and United Kingdom to explore how the structure of knowledge production and the characteristics of users and their decision environments expose the challenges of broadening usable climate science.
Keywords: science-policy model,information usability,RISA,UK Climate Program

Attribution of extreme events in Arctic sea ice extent - Kirchmeier-Young, Megan C.; Zwiers, Francis W.; Gillett, Nathan P. (Journal of Climate, 2017)
Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) has decreased over recent decades, with record-setting minimum events in 2007 and again in 2012. A question of interest across many disciplines concerns the extent to which such extreme events can be attributed to anthropogenic influences. First, a detection and attribution analysis is performed for trends in SIE anomalies over the observed period. The main objective of this study is an event attribution analysis for extreme minimum events in Arctic SIE. Although focus is placed on the 2012 event, the results are generalized to extreme events of other magnitudes, including both past and potential future extremes. Several ensembles of model responses are used, including two single-model large ensembles. Using several different metrics to define the events in question, it is shown that an extreme SIE minimum of the magnitude seen in 2012 is consistent with a scenario including anthropogenic influence and is extremely unlikely in a scenario excluding anthropogenic influence. Hence, the 2012 Arctic sea ice minimum provides a counterexample to the often-quoted idea that individual extreme events cannot be attributed to human influence.
Keywords: Sea ice,Extreme events,Anthropogenic effects,Climate change,Statistics

Why Does It Seem Like Charleston Always Floods When It Rains? - Kirk, Steven A. (City of Charleston, Storm Water Service, 2009)
Undated. Year provided by author in response to email.

Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire-dependent ecosystem - Kirkman, L. Katherine; Mitchell, Robert J.; Helton, R. Carol; Drew, Mark B. (American Journal of Botany, 2001)
The fire-dependent longleaf pine–wiregrass (Pinus palustris Mill.–Aristida beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr.) savannas of the southeastern United States provide a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between productivity and species richness in a natural ecosystem because of the extremely high number of species and their range across a wide ecological amplitude (sandhills to edges of wetlands). We used a natural gradient to examine how plant species richness and plant community structure vary with standing crop biomass (which in this system is proportional to annual net productivity) as a function of soil moisture and nitrogen mineralization rates in a frequently burned longleaf pine–wiregrass savanna. Highest ground cover biomass and highest species richness were found at the same position along the gradient, the wet-mesic sites. Relative differences in species richness among site types were independent of scale, ranging from 0.01 m2 to 100 m2. Nitrogen availability was negatively correlated with species richness. Dominance of wiregrass (in terms of biomass) was consistent across the gradient and not correlated with species richness. Regardless of site type, the community structure of the savannas was characterized by many perennial species with infrequent occurrences, a factor in the low temporal heterogeneity (percent similarity between seasons and years) and high within-site spatial heterogeneity (percent dissimilarity of vegetation composition). The coexistence of numerous species is likely due to the high frequency of fire that removes competing hardwood vegetation and litter and to the suite of fire-adapted perennial species that, once established, are able to persist. Our results suggest that soil moisture is an important factor regulating both the number of species present and community production within the defined gradient of this study.

Interdependencies of urban climate change impacts and adaptation strategies: A case study of Metropolitan Boston USA - Kirshen, Paul; Ruth, Matthias; Anderson, William (Climatic Change, 2008)
An analysis of the interdependencies of the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies upon infrastructure systems in the Metro Boston urban area in the northeastern USA found that taking anticipatory actions well before 2050 results in less total adaptation and impact costs to the region than taking no actions. Because of the interrelations among infrastructure systems, it is critical to take account of the impacts that adaptation actions have on each other and other systems. For the most part these cross-system effects are complementary in nature. But there are important exceptions, so an integrated approach to adaptation policy formulation is needed. Furthermore, adaptation efforts must be designed so as not to confound mitigation efforts.

Persistence of carbon release events through the peak of early Eocene global warmth - Kirtland Turner, Sandra; Sexton, Philip F.; Charles, Christopher D.; Norris, Richard D. (Nature Geoscience, 2014)

Near-term climate change: Projections and predictability - Kirtman, B.; Power, S.B.; Adedoyin, J.A.; Boer, G.J.; Bojariu, R.; Camilloni, I.; Doblas-Reyes, F.J.; Fiore, A.M.; Kimoto, M.; Meehl, G.A.; Prather, M.; Sarr, A.; et al. (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013)

Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level - Kirwan, M. L.; Guntenspergen, G. R.; D’Alpaos, A.; Morris, J. T.; Mudd, S. M.; Temmerman, S. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2010)
Assumptions of a static landscape inspire predictions that about half of the world's coastal wetlands will submerge during this century in response to sea-level acceleration. In contrast, we use simulations from five numerical models to quantify the conditions under which ecogeomorphic feedbacks allow coastal wetlands to adapt to projected changes in sea level. In contrast to previous sea-level assessments, we find that non-linear feedbacks among inundation, plant growth, organic matter accretion, and sediment deposition, allow marshes to survive conservative projections of sea-level rise where suspended sediment concentrations are greater than similar to 20 mg/L. Under scenarios of more rapid sea-level rise (e. g., those that include ice sheet melting), marshes will likely submerge near the end of the 21st century. Our results emphasize that in areas of rapid geomorphic change, predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change requires consideration of the ability of biological processes tomodify their physical environment. Citation: Kirwan, M. L., G. R. Guntenspergen, A. D'Alpaos, J. T. Morris, S. M. Mudd, and S. Temmerman (2010), Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23401, doi:10.1029/2010GL045489.
690OH; Times Cited:10; Cited References Count:29
Keywords: ecosystem services; rise; sedimentation; wetlands; estuary; USA

Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise - Kirwan, Matthew L.; Megonigal, J. Patrick (Nature, 2013)
Coastal populations and wetlands have been intertwined for centuries, whereby humans both influence and depend on the extensive ecosystem services that wetlands provide. Although coastal wetlands have long been considered vulnerable to sea-level rise, recent work has identified fascinating feedbacks between plant growth and geomorphology that allow wetlands to actively resist the deleterious effects of sea-level rise. Humans alter the strength of these feedbacks by changing the climate, nutrient inputs, sediment delivery and subsidence rates. Whether wetlands continue to survive sea-level rise depends largely on how human impacts interact with rapid sea-level rise, and socio-economic factors that influence transgression into adjacent uplands.

Overestimation of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise - Kirwan, Matthew L.; Temmerman, Stijn; Skeehan, Emily E.; Guntenspergen, Glenn R.; Fagherazzi, Sergio (Nature Climate Change, 2016)
Coastal marshes are considered to be among the most valuable and vulnerable ecosystems on Earth, where the imminent loss of ecosystem services is a feared consequence of sea level rise. However, we show with a meta-analysis that global measurements of marsh elevation change indicate that marshes are generally building at rates similar to or exceeding historical sea level rise, and that process-based models predict survival under a wide range of future sea level scenarios. We argue that marsh vulnerability tends to be overstated because assessment methods often fail to consider biophysical feedback processes known to accelerate soil building with sea level rise, and the potential for marshes to migrate inland.

Optimizing preplant irrigation for maize under limited water in the High Plains - Kisekka, I.; Schlegel, A.; Ma, L.; Gowda, P. H.; Prasad, P. V. V. (Agricultural Water Management, 2017)
Keywords: Preplant irrigation Irrigation capacity RZWQM DSSAT-CSM CERES-Maize Maize yield Evapotranspiration Soil water evaporation

Vulnerability of specialty crops to short-term climatic variability and adaptation strategies in the Midwestern USA - Kistner, Erica; Kellner, Olivia; Andresen, Jeffrey; Todey, Dennis; Morton, Lois Wright (Climatic Change, 2018)
While the Midwestern USA ranks among the world’s most important corn-soybean production regions, the area also produces a variety of high-value specialty crops. These crops are an important component of the region’s rural economy with an estimated value of $1.8 billion in 2012. More profitable per-acre than many row crops, specialty crops also have higher production-related risks. They are generally more sensitive to climatic stressors and require more comprehensive management compared to traditional row crops. Temperature and precipitation fluctuations across the Midwest directly impact specialty crop production quantity and quality and indirectly influence the timing of crucial farm operations and the economic impacts of pests, weeds, and diseases. Increasingly variable weather and climate change pose a serious threat to specialty crop production in the Midwest. In this article, we assess how climate variability and observed climatic trends are impacting Midwestern specialty crop production using USDA Risk Management Agency data. In addition, we review current trends in grower perceptions of risks associated with a changing climate and assess sustainable adaptation strategies. Our results indicate that weather-induced losses vary by state with excessive moisture resulting in the highest total number of claims across all Midwestern states followed by freeze and drought events. Overall, specialty crop growers are aware of the increased production risk under a changing climate and have identified the need for crop-specific weather, production, and financial risk management tools and increased crop insurance coverage.

Climate change threats to population health and well-being: The imperative of protective solutions that will last - Kjellstrom, T.; McMichael, A. J. (Global Health Action, 2013)
BACKGROUND: The observational evidence of the impacts of climate conditions on human health is accumulating. A variety of direct, indirect, and systemically mediated health effects have been identified. Excessive daily heat exposures create direct effects, such as heat stroke (and possibly death), reduce work productivity, and interfere with daily household activities. Extreme weather events, including storms, floods, and droughts, create direct injury risks and follow-on outbreaks of infectious diseases, lack of nutrition, and mental stress. Climate change will increase these direct health effects. Indirect effects include malnutrition and under-nutrition due to failing local agriculture, spread of vector-borne diseases and other infectious diseases, and mental health and other problems caused by forced migration from affected homes and workplaces. Examples of systemically mediated impacts on population health include famine, conflicts, and the consequences of large-scale adverse economic effects due to reduced human and environmental productivity. This article highlights links between climate change and non-communicable health problems, a major concern for global health beyond 2015. DISCUSSION: Detailed regional analysis of climate conditions clearly shows increasing temperatures in many parts of the world. Climate modelling indicates that by the year 2100 the global average temperature may have increased by 34 degrees C unless fundamental reductions in current global trends for greenhouse gas emissions are achieved. Given other unforeseeable environmental, social, demographic, and geopolitical changes that may occur in a plus-4-degree world, that scenario may comprise a largely uninhabitable world for millions of people and great social and military tensions. CONCLUSION: It is imperative that we identify actions and strategies that are effective in reducing these increasingly likely threats to health and well-being. The fundamental preventive strategy is, of course, climate change mitigation by significantly reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, especially long-acting carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and by increasing the uptake of CO(2) at the earth's surface. This involves urgent shifts in energy production from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, energy conservation in building design and urban planning, and reduced waste of energy for transport, building heating/cooling, and agriculture. It would also involve shifts in agricultural production and food systems to reduce energy and water use particularly in meat production. There is also potential for prevention via mitigation, adaptation, or resilience building actions, but for the large populations in tropical countries, mitigation of climate change is required to achieve health protection solutions that will last.
Kjellstrom, Tord McMichael, Anthony J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden Glob Health Action. 2013 Apr 3;6:20816. doi: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.20816.
Keywords: Climate Change Environment Environmental Policy Health Status Humans Models, Statistical Socioeconomic Factors

Adaptation opportunities, constraints, and limits - Klein, R. J. T.; Midgley, G. F.; Preston, B. L.; Alam, M.; Berkhout, F. G. H.; Dow, K.; Shaw, M. R. (Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, 2014)

Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006 - Klein Rosenthal, Joyce; Kinney, Patrick L.; Metzger, Kristina B. (Health & Place, 2014)
Keywords: Neighborhood characteristics Vulnerability Heat-related mortality Health disparities Housing quality

EPA Region 10 Climate Change and TMDL Pilot—South Fork Nooksack River, Washington - Klein, Steve; Herron, Hope; Butcher, Jonathan (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)

Climate change might drive the invasive tree Robinia pseudacacia into nature reserves and endangered habitats - Kleinbauer, I.; Dullinger, S.; Peterseil, J.; Essl, F. (Biological Conservation, 2010)
Static networks of nature reserves disregard the dynamics of species ranges in changing environments. In fact, climate warming has been shown to potentially drive endangered species out of reserves. Less attention has been paid to the related problem that a warmer climate may also foster the invasion of alien species into reserve networks. Here, we use niche-based predictive modelling to assess to which extent the Austrian Natura 2000 network and a number of habitat types of conservation value outside this network might be prone to climate warming driven changes in invasion risk by Robinia pseudacacia L., one of the most problematic alien plants in Europe. Results suggest that the area potentially invaded by R. pseudacacia will increase considerably under a warmer climate. Interestingly, invasion risk will grow at a higher than average rate for most of the studied habitat types but less than the national average in Natura 2000 sites. This result points to a potential bias in legal protection towards high mountain areas which largely will remain too cold for R. pseudacacia. In contrast, the selected habitat types are more frequent in montane or lower lying regions, where R. pseudacacia invasion risk will increase most pronouncedly. We conclude that management plans of nature reserves should incorporate global warming driven changes in invasion risk in a more explicit manner. In case of R. pseudacacia, reducing propagule pressure by avoiding purposeful plantation in the neighbourhood of reserves and endangered habitats is a simple but crucial measure to prevent further invasion under a warmer climate.
Keywords: Austria Endangered habitats Invasion risk Natura 2000 Reserve networks Species distribution models

The effects of sub-regional climate velocity on the distribution and spatial extent of marine species assemblages - Kleisner, Kristin M.; Fogarty, Michael J.; McGee, Sally; Barnett, Analie; Fratantoni, Paula; Greene, Jennifer; Hare, Jonathan A.; Lucey, Sean M.; McGuire, Christopher; Odell, Jay; Saba, Vincent S.; Smith, Laurel; et al. (PLOS ONE, 2016)
Many studies illustrate variable patterns in individual species distribution shifts in response to changing temperature. However, an assemblage, a group of species that shares a common environmental niche, will likely exhibit similar responses to climate changes, and these community-level responses may have significant implications for ecosystem function. Therefore, we examine the relationship between observed shifts of species in assemblages and regional climate velocity (i.e., the rate and direction of change of temperature isotherms). The assemblages are defined in two sub-regions of the U.S. Northeast Shelf that have heterogeneous oceanography and bathymetry using four decades of bottom trawl survey data and we explore temporal changes in distribution, spatial range extent, thermal habitat area, and biomass, within assemblages. These sub-regional analyses allow the dissection of the relative roles of regional climate velocity and local physiography in shaping observed distribution shifts. We find that assemblages of species associated with shallower, warmer waters tend to shift west-southwest and to shallower waters over time, possibly towards cooler temperatures in the semi-enclosed Gulf of Maine, while species assemblages associated with relatively cooler and deeper waters shift deeper, but with little latitudinal change. Conversely, species assemblages associated with warmer and shallower water on the broad, shallow continental shelf from the Mid-Atlantic Bight to Georges Bank shift strongly northeast along latitudinal gradients with little change in depth. Shifts in depth among the southern species associated with deeper and cooler waters are more variable, although predominantly shifts are toward deeper waters. In addition, spatial expansion and contraction of species assemblages in each region corresponds to the area of suitable thermal habitat, but is inversely related to assemblage biomass. This suggests that assemblage distribution shifts in conjunction with expansion or contraction of thermal habitat acts to compress or stretch marine species assemblages, which may respectively amplify or dilute species interactions to an extent that is rarely considered. Overall, regional differences in climate change effects on the movement and extent of species assemblages hold important implications for management, mitigation, and adaptation on the U.S. Northeast Shelf.

Marine species distribution shifts on the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf under continued ocean warming - Kleisner, Kristin M.; Fogarty, Michael J.; McGee, Sally; Hare, Jonathan A.; Moret, Skye; Perretti, Charles T.; Saba, Vincent S. (Progress in Oceanography, 2017)
Keywords: Climate change Thermal habitat Global climate model Northwest Atlantic Temperature shifts

Hantaviruses and climate change - Klempa, B. (Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2009)
Keywords: Climate hantavirus insectivore rodent

Duck nest success in the Prairie Pothole Region - Klett, Albert T.; Shaffer, Terry L.; Johnson, Douglas H. (The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1988)
We estimated nest success of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), gadwall (A. strepera), blue-winged teal (A. discors), northern shoveler (A. clypeata), and northern pintail (A. acuta) for 5 regions in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, for 1-3 periods between 1966 and 1984, and for 8 habitat classes. We obtained composite estimates of nest success for regions and periods by weighting each habitat proportional to the number of nest initiations. The distribution of nest initiations was derived from estimates of breeding populations, preferences of species for nesting habitats, and availability of habitats. Nest success rates ranged from <5 to 36% among regions, periods, and species. Rates were lowest in western Minnesota (MNW) and eastern North Dakota (NDE), intermediate in central North Dakota (NDC) and eastern South Dakota (SDE), and highest in central South Dakota (SDC). In regions with comparable data, no consistent trend in nest success was apparent from early to late periods. Gadwalls and blue-winged teal nested more successfully than mallards and pintails; the relative success of shovelers varied regionally. Ducks nesting in idle grassland were the most successful and those nesting in cropland were least successful. Mammalian predation was the major cause of nesting failure (54-85%) in all habitats, but farming operations resulted in 37 and 27% of the nesting failures in cropland and hayland, respectively. Most of the populations studied were not self-sustaining.

Power outages, extreme events and health: A systematic review of the literature from 2011-2012 - Klinger, C.; Landeg, O.; Murray, V. (PLOS Currents: Disasters, 2014)
Extreme events (e.g. flooding) threaten critical infrastructure including power supplies. Many interlinked systems in the modern world depend on a reliable power supply to function effectively. The health sector is no exception, but the impact of power outages on health is poorly understood. Greater understanding is essential so that adverse health impacts can be prevented and/or mitigated. Methods We searched Medline, CINAHL and Scopus for papers about the health impacts of power outages during extreme events published in 2011-2012. A thematic analysis was undertaken on the extracted information. The Public Health England Extreme Events Bulletins between 01/01/2013 - 31/03/2013 were used to identify extreme events that led to power outages during this three-month period. Results We identified 20 relevant articles. Power outages were found to impact health at many levels within diverse settings. Recurrent themes included the difficulties of accessing healthcare, maintaining frontline services and the challenges of community healthcare. We identified 52 power outages in 19 countries that were the direct consequence of extreme events during the first three months of 2013. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first review of the health impacts of power outages. We found the current evidence and knowledge base to be poor. With scientific consensus predicting an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events due to climate change, the gaps in knowledge need to be addressed in order to mitigate the impact of power outages on global health.

Southern Great Plains - Kloesel, K.; Bartush, B.; Banner, J.; Brown, D.; Hayhoe, K.; Lemory, J.; Lin, X.; McManus, G.; Mullens, E.; Nielsen-Gammon, J.; Shafer, M.; Sorenson, C.; et al. (Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II, 2018)

Indicators of climate change in Idaho: An assessment framework for coupling biophysical change and social perception - Klos, P. Zion; Abatzoglou, John T.; Bean, Alycia; Blades, Jarod; Clark, Melissa A.; Dodd, Megan; Hall, Troy E.; Haruch, Amanda; Higuera, Philip E.; Holbrook, Joseph D.; Jansen, Vincent S.; Kemp, Kerry; et al. (Weather, Climate, and Society, 2015)
Climate change is well documented at the global scale, but local and regional changes are not as well understood. Finer, local- to regional-scale information is needed for creating specific, place-based planning and adaption efforts. Here the development of an indicator-focused climate change assessment in Idaho is described. This interdisciplinary framework couples end users’ data needs with observed, biophysical changes at local to regional scales. An online statewide survey of natural resource professionals was conducted to assess the perceived impacts from climate change and determine the biophysical data needed to measure those impacts. Changes to water resources and wildfire risk were the highest areas of concern among resource professionals. Guided by the survey results, 15 biophysical indicator datasets were summarized that included direct climate metrics (e.g., air temperature) and indicators only partially influenced by climate (e.g., wildfire). Quantitative changes in indicators were determined using time series analysis from 1975 to 2010. Indicators displayed trends of varying likelihood over the analysis period, including increasing growing-season length, increasing annual temperature, increasing forest area burned, changing mountain bluebird and lilac phenology, increasing precipitation intensity, earlier center of timing of streamflow, and decreased 1 April snowpack; changes in volumetric streamflow, salmon migration dates, and stream temperature displayed the least likelihood. A final conceptual framework derived from the social and biophysical data provides an interdisciplinary case example useful for consideration by others when choosing indicators at local to regional scales for climate change assessments.
Keywords: Climate change,Regional effects,Regression analysis,Time series,Trends,Local effects

Extent of the rain–snow transition zone in the western U.S. under historic and projected climate - Klos, P. Zion; Link, Timothy E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2014)
Keywords: precipitation phase rain-snow transition rain snow transition climate change 0736 Snow 1621 Cryospheric change 1637 Regional climate change 1854 Precipitation 1840 Hydrometeorology

Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems - Kløve, Bjørn; Ala-Aho, Pertti; Bertrand, Guillaume; Gurdak, Jason J.; Kupfersberger, Hans; Kværner, Jens; Muotka, Timo; Mykrä, Heikki; Preda, Elena; Rossi, Pekka; Uvo, Cintia Bertacchi; Velasco, Elzie; et al. (Journal of Hydrology, 2014)
Keywords: Groundwater Climate Ecosystems Global change Land use Management

Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production - Knapp, Alan K.; Smith, Melinda D. (Science, 2001)
Interannual variability in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was assessed with long-term (mean = 12 years) data from 11 Long Term Ecological Research sites across North America. The greatest interannual variability in ANPP occurred in grasslands and old fields, with forests the least variable. At a continental scale, ANPP was strongly correlated with annual precipitation. However, interannual variability in ANPP was not related to variability in precipitation. Instead, maximum variability in ANPP occurred in biomes where high potential growth rates of herbaceous vegetation were combined with moderate variability in precipitation. In the most dynamic biomes, ANPP responded more strongly to wet than to dry years. Recognition of the fourfold range in ANPP dynamics across biomes and of the factors that constrain this variability is critical for detecting the biotic impacts of global change phenomena.%U http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/291/5503/481.full.pdf

Adapting science to a warming world - Knapp, Corrine Noel; Trainor, Sarah F. (Global Environmental Change, 2013)

Alaskan stakeholder-defined research needs in the context of climate change - Knapp, Corrine Noel; Trainor, Sarah F. (Polar Geography, 2015)

Urban Responses to Climate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators - Knopman, Debra; Lempert, Robert J. (RAND Corporation, 2016)
Keywords: urban Adaptation climate change

Risk governance framework for decisionmaking - Knopman, Debra; Lempert, Robert J. (Urban Responses to Climate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators, 2016)

Assessing the effects of rising groundwater from sea level rise on the service life of pavements in coastal road infrastructure - Knott, Jayne F.; Elshaer, Mohamed; Daniel, Jo Sias; Jacobs, Jennifer M.; Kirshen, Paul (Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2017)
Coastal communities with road infrastructure close to the shoreline are vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise caused by climate change. The sea level in coastal New Hampshire is projected to rise by 3.9 to 6.6 ft (1.2 to 2.0 m) by 2100. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation studies have focused on surface water flooding caused by sea level rise; however, little attention has been given to the effects of climate change on groundwater. Groundwater is expected to rise with sea level rise and will intersect the unbound layers of coastal road infrastructure, thus reducing the service life of pavement. Vulnerability studies are an essential part of adaptation planning, and pavement engineers are looking for methods to identify roads that may experience premature failure. In this study, a regional groundwater flow model of coastal New Hampshire was used to identify road infrastructure for which rising groundwater will move into the unbound materials during the design life of the pavement. Multilayer elastic theory was used to analyze typical pavement profiles in several functional classifications of roadway to determine the magnitude of fatigue and rutting life reduction expected from four scenarios of sea level rise. All the evaluation sites experienced service life reduction, the magnitude and timing of which depended on the current depth to groundwater, the pavement structure, and the subgrade. The use of this methodology will enable pavement engineers to target coastal road adaptation projects effectively and will result in significant cost savings compared with implementation of broad adaptation projects or the costs of no action.

Potential effects of global warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the San Francisco estuary - Knowles, Noah; Cayan, Daniel R. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2002)
California's primary hydrologic system, the San Francisco estuary and its upstream watershed, is vulnerable to the regional hydrologic consequences of projected global climate change. Projected temperature anomalies from a global climate model are used to drive a combined model of watershed hydrology and estuarine dynamics. By 2090, a projected temperature increase of 2.1°C results in a loss of about half of the average April snowpack storage, with greatest losses in the northern headwaters. Consequently, spring runoff is reduced by 5.6 km3 (∼20% of historical annual runoff), with associated increases in winter flood peaks. The smaller spring flows yield spring/summer salinity increases of up to 9 psu, with larger increases in wet years.

Elevational dependence of projected hydrologic changes in the San Francisco estuary and watershed - Knowles, Noah; Cayan, Daniel R. (Climatic Change, 2004)
California's primary hydrologic system, the San Francisco Estuary and its upstream watershed, is vulnerable to the regional hydrologic consequences of projected global climate change. Previous work has shown that a projected warming would result in a reduction of snowpack storage leading to higher winter and lower spring-summer streamflows and increased spring-summer salinities in the estuary. The present work shows that these hydrologic changes exhibit a strong dependence on elevation, with the greatest loss of snowpack volume in the 1300–2700 m elevation range. Exploiting hydrologic and estuarine modeling capabilities to trace water as it moves through the system reveals that the shift of water in mid-elevations of the Sacramento river basin from snowmelt to rainfall runoff is the dominant cause of projected changes in estuarine inflows and salinity. Additionally, although spring-summer losses of estuarine inflows are balanced by winter gains, the losses have a stronger influence on salinity since longer spring-summer residence times allow the inflow changes to accumulate in the estuary. The changes in inflows sourced in the Sacramento River basin in approximately the 1300–2200 m elevation range thereby lead to a net increase in estuarine salinity under the projected warming. Such changes would impact ecosystems throughout the watershed and threaten to contaminate much of California's freshwater supply.

Trends in snowfall versus rainfall in the western United States - Knowles, N.; Dettinger, M.D.; Cayan, D.R. (Journal of Climate, 2006)
The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949-2004.|The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than -5 degrees C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0 degrees and -3 degrees C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends.|The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast.|Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.
Keywords: SNOWMELT RUNOFF; NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE; TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA; ACCURACY; BASIN

Six climate change-related events in the United States accounted for about $14 billion in lost lives and health costs - Knowlton, K.; Rotkin-Ellman, M.; Geballe, L.; Max, W.; Solomon, G.M. (Health Affairs, 2011)

The 2006 California heat wave: Impacts on hospitalizations and emergency department visits - Knowlton, K.; Rotkin-Ellman, M.; King, G.; Margolis, H.G.; Smith, D.; Solomon, G.; Trent, R.; English, P. (Environmental Health Perspectives, 2009)

Detection and attribution of climate change - Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F. (Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I, 2017)

Tropical cyclones and climate change - Knutson, Thomas R.; McBride, John L.; Chan, Johnny; Emanuel, Kerry; Holland, Greg; Landsea, Chris; Held, Isaac; Kossin, James P.; Srivastava, A. K.; Sugi, Masato (Nature Geoscience, 2010)

Dynamical downscaling projections of twenty-first-century Atlantic hurricane activity: CMIP3 and CMIP5 model-based scenarios - Knutson, Thomas R.; Sirutis, Joseph J.; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Garner, Steven; Zhao, Ming; Kim, Hyeong-Seog; Bender, Morris; Tuleya, Robert E.; Held, Isaac M.; Villarini, Gabriele (Journal of Climate, 2013)

Global projections of intense tropical cyclone activity for the late twenty-first century from dynamical downscaling of CMIP5/RCP4.5 scenarios - Knutson, Thomas R.; Sirutis, Joseph J.; Zhao, Ming; Tuleya, Robert E.; Bender, Morris; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Villarini, Gabriele; Chavas, Daniel (Journal of Climate, 2015)
Global projections of intense tropical cyclone activity are derived from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM; 50-km grid) and the GFDL hurricane model using a two-stage downscaling procedure. First, tropical cyclone genesis is simulated globally using HiRAM. Each storm is then downscaled into the GFDL hurricane model, with horizontal grid spacing near the storm of 6 km, including ocean coupling (e.g., “cold wake” generation). Simulations are performed using observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (1980–2008) for a “control run” with 20 repeating seasonal cycles and for a late-twenty-first-century projection using an altered SST seasonal cycle obtained from a phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5)/representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) multimodel ensemble. In general agreement with most previous studies, projections with this framework indicate fewer tropical cyclones globally in a warmer late-twenty-first-century climate, but also an increase in average cyclone intensity, precipitation rates, and the number and occurrence days of very intense category 4 and 5 storms. While these changes are apparent in the globally averaged tropical cyclone statistics, they are not necessarily present in each individual basin. The interbasin variation of changes in most of the tropical cyclone metrics examined is directly correlated to the variation in magnitude of SST increases between the basins. Finally, the framework is shown to be capable of reproducing both the observed global distribution of outer storm size—albeit with a slight high bias—and its interbasin variability. Projected median size is found to remain nearly constant globally, with increases in most basins offset by decreases in the northwest Pacific.
Keywords: Climate change,Hurricanes/typhoons

Seasonal and annual mean precipitation extremes occurring during 2013: A U.S. focused analysis [in “Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate Perspective”] - Knutson, T. R.; Zeng, F.; Wittenberg, A. T. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2014)

Prospects for a prolonged slowdown in global warming in the early 21st century - Knutson, T.R.; Zhang, R.; Horowitz, L.W. (Nature Communications, 2016)

Robustness and uncertainties in the new CMIP5 climate model projections - Knutti, Reto; Sedláček, Jan (Nature Climate Change, 2013)

Climate change impacts on dryland cropping systems in the Central Great Plains, USA - Ko, Jonghan; Ahuja, Lajpat R.; Saseendran, S. A.; Green, Timothy R.; Ma, Liwang; Nielsen, David C.; Walthall, Charles L. (Climatic Change, 2012)
Agricultural systems models are essential tools to assess potential climate change (CC) impacts on crop production and help guide policy decisions. In this study, impacts of projected CC on dryland crop rotations of wheat-fallow (WF), wheat-corn-fallow (WCF), and wheat-corn-millet (WCM) in the U.S. Central Great Plains (Akron, Colorado) were simulated using the CERES V4.0 crop modules in RZWQM2. The CC scenarios for CO2, temperature and precipitation were based on a synthesis of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) projections for Colorado. The CC for years 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100 (CC projection years) were super-imposed on measured baseline climate data for 15–17 years collected during the long-term WF and WCF (1992–2008), and WCM (1994–2008) experiments at the location to provide inter-annual variability. For all the CC projection years, a decline in simulated wheat yield and an increase in actual transpiration were observed, but compared to the baseline these changes were not significant (p > 0.05) in all cases but one. However, corn and proso millet yields in all rotations and projection years declined significantly (p < 0.05), which resulted in decreased transpiration. Overall, the projected negative effects of rising temperatures on crop production dominated over any positive impacts of atmospheric CO2 increases in these dryland cropping systems. Simulated adaptation via changes in planting dates did not mitigate the yield losses of the crops significantly. However, the no-tillage maintained higher wheat yields than the conventional tillage in the WF rotation to year 2075. Possible effects of historical CO2 increases during the past century (from 300 to 380 ppm) on crop yields were also simulated using 96 years of measured climate data (1912–2008) at the location. On average the CO2 increase enhanced wheat yields by about 30%, and millet yields by about 17%, with no significant changes in corn yields.

Availability of high-magnitude streamflow for groundwater banking in the Central Valley, California - Kocis, Tiffany N.; Dahlke, Helen E. (Environmental Research Letters, 2017)
California’s climate is characterized by the largest precipitation and streamflow variability observed within the conterminous US This, combined with chronic groundwater overdraft of 0.6–3.5 km 3 yr −1 , creates the need to identify additional surface water sources available for groundwater recharge using methods such as agricultural groundwater banking, aquifer storage and recovery, and spreading basins. High-magnitude streamflow, i.e. flow above the 90th percentile, that exceeds environmental flow requirements and current surface water allocations under California water rights, could be a viable source of surface water for groundwater banking. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the magnitude, frequency, duration and timing of high-magnitude streamflow (HMF) for 93 stream gauges covering the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Tulare basins in California. The results show that in an average year with HMF approximately 3.2 km 3 of high-magnitude flow is exported from the entire Central Valley to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta often at times when environmental flow requirements of the Delta and major rivers are exceeded. High-magnitude flow occurs, on average, during 7 and 4.7 out of 10 years in the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, respectively, from just a few storm events (5–7 1-day peak events) lasting for 25–30 days between November and April. The results suggest that there is sufficient unmanaged surface water physically available to mitigate long-term groundwater overdraft in the Central Valley.

Federalism and the state recognition of Native American tribes: A survey of state-recognized tribes and state recognition processes across the United States - Koenig, Alexa; Stein, Jonathan (Santa Clara Law Review, 2008)

Resilience of Athabascan subsistence systems to interior Alaska's changing climate - Kofinas, G. P.; Chapin, F. S., III; BurnSilver, S.; Schmidt, J. I.; Fresco, N. L.; Kielland, K.; Martin, S.; Springsteen, A.; Rupp, T. S. (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2010)
Keywords: Athabascan; Climate change; native; Rural; Tribal

Modeling the status, trends, and impacts of wild bee abundance in the United States - Koh, Insu; Lonsdorf, Eric V.; Williams, Neal M.; Brittain, Claire; Isaacs, Rufus; Gibbs, Jason; Ricketts, Taylor H. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016)
In 2014, a presidential memorandum called for an assessment of the nation’s pollinators, in response to growing awareness of their economic importance and recent declines. We assess, for the first time to our knowledge, the status and trends of wild bee abundance and their potential impacts on pollination services across the United States. We develop national maps of wild bee abundance, report land-use–driven changes over time, and relate them to trends in agricultural demand for pollination. We estimate uncertainty in the findings, so future research can target the least-understood regions and topics. Our findings can also help focus conservation efforts where declines in bee abundance are most certain, especially where agricultural demand for pollination services is growing.Wild bees are highly valuable pollinators. Along with managed honey bees, they provide a critical ecosystem service by ensuring stable pollination to agriculture and wild plant communities. Increasing concern about the welfare of both wild and managed pollinators, however, has prompted recent calls for national evaluation and action. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we assess the status and trends of wild bees and their potential impacts on pollination services across the coterminous United States. We use a spatial habitat model, national land-cover data, and carefully quantified expert knowledge to estimate wild bee abundance and associated uncertainty. Between 2008 and 2013, modeled bee abundance declined across 23% of US land area. This decline was generally associated with conversion of natural habitats to row crops. We identify 139 counties where low bee abundances correspond to large areas of pollinator-dependent crops. These areas of mismatch between supply (wild bee abundance) and demand (cultivated area) for pollination comprise 39% of the pollinator-dependent crop area in the United States. Further, we find that the crops most highly dependent on pollinators tend to experience more severe mismatches between declining supply and increasing demand. These trends, should they continue, may increase costs for US farmers and may even destabilize crop production over time. National assessments such as this can help focus both scientific and political efforts to understand and sustain wild bees. As new information becomes available, repeated assessments can update findings, revise priorities, and track progress toward sustainable management of our nation’s pollinators.

Bridging the Adaptation Gap: Approaches to Measurement of Physical Climate Risk and Examples of Investment in Climate Adaptation and Resilience - Koh, Jay; Mazzacurati, Emilie; Swann, Stacy (Global Adaptation & Resilience Investment Working Group, 2016)

An Investor Guide to Physical Climate Risk & Resilience: An Introduction - Koh, Jay; Mazzacurati, Emilie; Trabacchi, Chiara (Global Adaptation & Resilience Investment Working Group, 2017)

The importance of ice algae-produced carbon in the central Arctic Ocean ecosystem: Food web relationships revealed by lipid and stable isotope analyses - Kohlbach, Doreen; Graeve, Martin; A. Lange, Benjamin; David, Carmen; Peeken, Ilka; Flores, Hauke (Limnology and Oceanography, 2016)

Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America - Kolar, Cynthia S.; Lodge, David M. (Science, 2002)
Methods of risk assessment for alien species, especially for nonagricultural systems, are largely qualitative. Using a generalizable risk assessment approach and statistical models of fish introductions into the Great Lakes, North America, we developed a quantitative approach to target prevention efforts on species most likely to cause damage. Models correctly categorized established, quickly spreading, and nuisance fishes with 87 to 94% accuracy. We then identified fishes that pose a high risk to the Great Lakes if introduced from unintentional (ballast water) or intentional pathways (sport, pet, bait, and aquaculture industries).%U http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/298/5596/1233.full.pdf

Climate change impacts on bromide, trihalomethane formation, and health risks at coastal groundwater utilities - Kolb, Chelsea; Pozzi, Matteo; Samaras, Constantine; VanBriesen, Jeanne M. (ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 2017)

Observed and anticipated impacts of drought on forest insects and diseases in the United States - Kolb, Thomas E.; Fettig, Christopher J.; Ayres, Matthew P.; Bentz, Barbara J.; Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Mathiasen, Robert; Stewart, Jane E.; Weed, Aaron S. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2016)
Keywords: Climate change Drought Forest pathogens Forest health Forest insects Herbivory

Breaking the deadlock: Improving water-release policies on the Delaware River through operations research - Kolesar, Peter; Serio, James (Interfaces, 2011)
The Delaware River provides half of New York City's drinking water, is a habitat for wild trout and American shad, and has suffered three major floods in the last five years. The water releases from three New York City dams on the Delaware River's headwaters impact the reliability of the city's water supply, the potential for floods, and the quality of the aquatic habitat. This project's objective was to revise the release policies to benefit river habitat and fisheries without increasing New York City's drought risk. Changes in the release policies were constrained by the dictates of two US Supreme Court Decrees and the need for unanimity among four states and New York City. We describe the analyses and the politics that led the Delaware River Basin Commission to implement our operations-research–based adaptive release framework in October 2007. In addition to meeting our habitat improvement goals and drought-risk constraint, our algorithm conservatively decreases end-of-summer reservoir levels more in wet years, thereby modestly increasing flood protection during the hurricane season, and is substantially simpler to administer.
Keywords: environment,government,regulations,inventory/production,applications,natural resources,water resources,programming,quadratic,dams

High-resolution records of the response of coastal wetland systems to long-term and short-term sea-level variability - Kolker, Alexander S.; Goodbred, Steven L.; Hameed, Sultan; Cochran, J. Kirk (Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2009)
Keywords: salt marsh sea level accretion climate change sediment dynamics Long Island

Effects of long-range transported air pollution from vegetation fires on daily mortality and hospital admissions in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland - Kollanus, Virpi; Tiittanen, Pekka; Niemi, Jarkko V.; Lanki, Timo (Environmental Research, 2016)
Keywords: Vegetation fire Air pollution Particulate matter Mortality Hospital admissions

Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: Experiences from five continents - Kondolf, G. Mathias; Gao, Yongxuan; Annandale, George W.; Morris, Gregory L.; Jiang, Enhui; Zhang, Junhua; Cao, Yongtao; Carling, Paul; Fu, Kaidao; Guo, Qingchao; Hotchkiss, Rollin; Peteuil, Christophe; et al. (Earth's Future, 2014)
Keywords: sediment management regulated rivers reservoir sedimentation reservoir sustainbility 1857 Reservoirs (surface) 1808 Dams 1861 Sedimentation 1862 Sediment transport 1880 Water management

Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900–2008) - Konikow, Leonard F. (U. S. Geological Survey, 2013)

Long‐term groundwater depletion in the United States - Konikow, Leonard F. (Groundwater, 2015)
The volume of groundwater stored in the subsurface in the United States decreased by almost 1000 km3 during 1900–2008. The aquifer systems with the three largest volumes of storage depletion include the High Plains aquifer, the Mississippi Embayment section of the Gulf Coastal Plain aquifer system, and the Central Valley of California. Depletion rates accelerated during 1945–1960, averaging 13.6 km3/year during the last half of the century, and after 2000 increased again to about 24 km3/year. Depletion intensity is a new parameter, introduced here, to provide a more consistent basis for comparing storage depletion problems among various aquifers by factoring in time and areal extent of the aquifer. During 2001–2008, the Central Valley of California had the largest depletion intensity. Groundwater depletion in the United States can explain 1.4% of observed sea‐level rise during the 108‐year study period and 2.1% during 2001–2008. Groundwater depletion must be confronted on local and regional scales to help reduce demand (primarily in irrigated agriculture) and/or increase supply.

Development and validation of a weed screening tool for the United States - Koop, Anthony L.; Fowler, Larry; Newton, Leslie P.; Caton, Barney P. (Biological Invasions, 2012)
The Australian weed risk assessment has been promoted as a simple and effective screening tool that can help prevent the entry of weeds and invasive plants into new areas. On average, the Australian model identifies major-invaders more accurately than it does non-invaders (90% vs. 70% accuracy). While this difference in performance emphasizes protection, the overall accuracy of the model will be determined by its performance with non-invaders because the frequency of invasive species among new plant introductions is relatively low. In this study, we develop a new weed risk assessment model for the entire United States that increases non-invader accuracy. The new screening tool uses two elements of risk, establishment/spread potential and impact potential, in a logistic regression model to evaluate the invasive/weedy potential of a species. We selected 204 non-invaders, minor-invaders, and major-invaders to develop and validate the new model, and compare its performance to the Australian model using the same set of species. Performing better than the Australian model, our new model accurately identified 94.1% of major-invaders and 97.1% of non-invaders, without committing any false positives or false negatives. The new secondary screening tool we developed reduced the number of species requiring secondary evaluation from 22 to 12%. We expect that the new weed risk assessment model should significantly enhance the United State’s timeliness and accuracy in regulating potential weeds.

Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015: Demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure - Koplitz, Shannon N.; Mickley, Loretta J.; Marlier, Miriam E.; Buonocore, Jonathan J.; Kim, Patrick S.; Liu, Tianjia; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; DeFries, Ruth S.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Schwartz, Joel; Pongsiri, Montira; Myers, Samuel S. (Environmental Research Letters, 2016)
In September–October 2015, El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole conditions set the stage for massive fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), leading to persistently hazardous levels of smoke pollution across much of Equatorial Asia. Here we quantify the emission sources and health impacts of this haze episode and compare the sources and impacts to an event of similar magnitude occurring under similar meteorological conditions in September–October 2006. Using the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we first calculate the influence of potential fire emissions across the domain on smoke concentrations in three receptor areas downwind—Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore—during the 2006 event. This step maps the sensitivity of each receptor to fire emissions in each grid cell upwind. We then combine these sensitivities with 2006 and 2015 fire emission inventories from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) to estimate the resulting population-weighted smoke exposure. This method, which assumes similar smoke transport pathways in 2006 and 2015, allows near real-time assessment of smoke pollution exposure, and therefore the consequent morbidity and premature mortality, due to severe haze. Our approach also provides rapid assessment of the relative contribution of fire emissions generated in a specific province to smoke-related health impacts in the receptor areas. We estimate that haze in 2015 resulted in 100 300 excess deaths across Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, more than double those of the 2006 event, with much of the increase due to fires in Indonesia’s South Sumatra Province. The model framework we introduce in this study can rapidly identify those areas where land use management to reduce and/or avoid fires would yield the greatest benefit to human health, both nationally and regionally.

Implications of ice-shelf hydrofracturing and ice-cliff collapse mechanisms for sea-level projections - Kopp, Robert; M. DeConto, Robert; A. Bader, Daniel; C. Hay, Carling; Horton, Radley; Kulp, Scott; Oppenheimer, Michael; Pollard, David; Strauss, Benjamin (Earth's Future, 2017)

Does the mid-Atlantic United States sea level acceleration hot spot reflect ocean dynamic variability? - Kopp, Robert E. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2013)
Keywords: sea level spatio-temporal statistics glacial isostatic adjustment Gulf Stream Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation North Atlantic Oscillation 1225 Global change from geodesy 1641 Sea level change 1986 Statistical methods: Inferential 1990 Uncertainty 4556 Sea level: variations and mean

Assessing New Jersey's Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Storms: Report of the New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance Science and Technical Advisory Panel - Kopp, Robert E.; Broccoli, Anthony; Horton, Benjamin P.; Kreeger, Danielle; Leichenko, Robin; Miller, John A.; Miller, Jon K.; Orton, Philip; Parris, Adam; Robinson, David A.; Weaver, Chris P.; Campo, Matt; et al. (New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, 2016)

Evolving understanding of Antarctic ice‐sheet physics and ambiguity in probabilistic sea‐level projections - Kopp, Robert E.; DeConto, Robert M.; Bader, Daniel A.; Hay, Carling C.; Horton, Radley M.; Kulp, Scott; Oppenheimer, Michael; Pollard, David; Strauss, Benjamin H. (Earth's Future, 2017)
Mechanisms such as ice‐shelf hydrofracturing and ice‐cliff collapse may rapidly increase discharge from marine‐based ice sheets. Here, we link a probabilistic framework for sea‐level projections to a small ensemble of Antarctic ice‐sheet (AIS) simulations incorporating these physical processes to explore their influence on global‐mean sea‐level (GMSL) and relative sea‐level (RSL). We compare the new projections to past results using expert assessment and structured expert elicitation about AIS changes. Under high greenhouse gas emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 8.5), median projected 21st century GMSL rise increases from 79 to 146 cm. Without protective measures, revised median RSL projections would by 2100 submerge land currently home to 153 million people, an increase of 44 million. The use of a physical model, rather than simple parameterizations assuming constant acceleration of ice loss, increases forcing sensitivity: overlap between the central 90% of simulations for 2100 for RCP 8.5 (93–243 cm) and RCP 2.6 (26–98 cm) is minimal. By 2300, the gap between median GMSL estimates for RCP 8.5 and RCP 2.6 reaches >10 m, with median RSL projections for RCP 8.5 jeopardizing land now occupied by 950 million people (versus 167 million for RCP 2.6). The minimal correlation between the contribution of AIS to GMSL by 2050 and that in 2100 and beyond implies current sea‐level observations cannot exclude future extreme outcomes. The sensitivity of post‐2050 projections to deeply uncertain physics highlights the need for robust decision and adaptive management frameworks.

Potential surprises—Compound extremes and tipping elements - Kopp, R.E.; Easterling, D.R.; Hall, T.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kunkel, K.E.; LeGrande, A.N. (Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I, 2017)

Geographic variability of sea-level change - Kopp, Robert E.; Hay, Carling C.; Little, Christopher M.; Mitrovica, Jerry X. (Current Climate Change Reports, 2015)
Local sea-level changes differ significantly from global-mean sea-level change as a result of (1) non-climatic, geological background processes; (2) atmosphere/ocean dy- namics; and (3) the gravitational, elastic, and rotational “fin- gerprint” effects of ice and ocean mass redistribution. Though the research communities working on these different effects each have a long history, the integration of all these different processes into interpretations of past changes and projections of future change is an active area of research. Fully character- izing the past contributions of these processes requires information from sources covering a range of timescales, including geological proxies, tide-gauge observations from the last ~3 centuries, and satellite-altimetry data from the last ~2 decades. Local sea-level rise projections must account for the different spatial patterns of different processes, as well as potential correlations between different drivers.
Keywords: Sea level Ocean modeling Glacial isostasy Sea-level fingerprints Tide gauges Satellite altimetry

Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites - Kopp, Robert E.; Horton, Radley M.; Little, Christopher M.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Rasmussen, D. J.; Strauss, Benjamin H.; Tebaldi, Claudia (Earth’s Future, 2014)
Keywords: sea level coastal flooding climate change risk analysis uncertainty quantification 1641 Sea level change 1821 Floods

Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era - Kopp, Robert E.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Bittermann, Klaus; Horton, Benjamin P.; Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Gehrels, W. Roland; Hay, Carling C.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Morrow, Eric D.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016)
We assess the relationship between temperature and global sea-level (GSL) variability over the Common Era through a statistical metaanalysis of proxy relative sea-level reconstructions and tide-gauge data. GSL rose at 0.1 ± 0.1 mm/y (2σ) over 0–700 CE. A GSL fall of 0.2 ± 0.2 mm/y over 1000–1400 CE is associated with ∼0.2 °C global mean cooling. A significant GSL acceleration began in the 19th century and yielded a 20th century rise that is extremely likely (probability P≥0.95) faster than during any of the previous 27 centuries. A semiempirical model calibrated against the GSL reconstruction indicates that, in the absence of anthropogenic climate change, it is extremely likely (P=0.95) that 20th century GSL would have risen by less than 51% of the observed 13.8±1.5 cm. The new semiempirical model largely reconciles previous differences between semiempirical 21st century GSL projections and the process model-based projections summarized in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report.

Tipping elements and climate–economic shocks: Pathways toward integrated assessment - Kopp, Robert E.; Shwom, Rachael L.; Wagner, Gernot; Yuan, Jiacan (Earth’s Future, 2016)
Keywords: climate change climate damages integrated assessment tipping points tipping elements 1630 Impacts of global change 1605 Abrupt/rapid climate change 4321 Climate impact 4328 Risk 8488 Volcanic hazards and risks

Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage - Kopp, Robert E.; Simons, Frederik J.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Maloof, Adam C.; Oppenheimer, Michael (Nature, 2009)

Reducing cascading failure risk by increasing infrastructure network interdependence - Korkali, Mert; Veneman, Jason G.; Tivnan, Brian F.; Bagrow, James P.; Hines, Paul D. H. (Scientific Reports, 2017)

Trends and sensitivities of low streamflow extremes to discharge timing and magnitude in Pacific Northwest mountain streams - Kormos, Patrick R.; Luce, Charles H.; Wenger, Seth J.; Berghuijs, Wouter R. (Water Resources Research, 2016)
Keywords: drought streamflow sensitivity hydrologic drought temperature sensitivity precipitation sensitivity trend analysis 1812 Drought 1817 Extreme events 1807 Climate impacts 1843 Land/atmosphere interactions

The Impact of Climate Change on American and Canadian Indigenous Peoples and Their Water Resources: A Climate Justice Perspective - Kornfeld, Itzchak E. (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2016)

Cultivars to face climate change effects on crops and weeds: A review - Korres, Nicholas E.; Norsworthy, Jason K.; Tehranchian, Parsa; Gitsopoulos, Thomas K.; Loka, Dimitra A.; Oosterhuis, Derrick M.; Gealy, David R.; Moss, Stephen R.; Burgos, Nilda R.; Miller, M. Ryan; Palhano, Matheus (Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2016)
Climate change is caused by the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate change will impact many activities, but its effects on agricultural production could be acute. Estimates of annual damages in agriculture due to temperature increase or extended periods of drought will be more costly than damages in other activities. Yield losses are caused both by direct effects of climate change on crops and by indirect effects such as increased inputs in crop production for weed control. One possible solution to counteract the effects of climate change is to seek crop cultivars that are adapted to highly variable, extreme climatic conditions and pest changes. Here we review the effects of climate change on crop cultivars and weeds. Biomass increase will augment marketable yield by 8–70 % for C3 cereals, by 20–144 % for cash and vegetable crops, and by 6–35 % for flowers. Such positive effects could however be reduced by decreasing water and nutrient availability. Rising temperature will decrease yields of temperature-sensitive crops such as maize, soybean, wheat, and cotton or specialty crops such as almonds, grapes, berries, citrus, or stone fruits. Rice, which is expected to yield better under increased CO2, will suffer serious yield losses under high temperatures. Drought stress should decrease the production of tomato, soybean, maize, and cotton. Nevertheless, reviews on C4 photosynthesis response to water stress in interaction with CO2 concentration reveal that elevated CO2 concentration lessens the deleterious effect of drought on plant productivity. C3 weeds respond more strongly than C4 types to CO2 increases through biomass and leaf area increases. The positive response of C3 crops to elevated CO2 may make C4 weeds less competitive for C3 crops, whereas C3 weeds in C4 or C3 crops could become a problem, particularly in tropical regions. Temperature increases will mainly affect the distribution of weeds, particularly C4 type, by expanding their geographical range. This will enhance further yield losses and will affect weed management systems negatively. In addition, the expansion of invasive weed species such as itchgrass, cogongrass, and witchweed facilitated by temperature increases will increase the cost for their control. Under water or nutrient shortage scenarios, an r-strategist with characteristics in the order S-C-R, such as Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, johnsongrass, and spurges, will most probably prevail. Selection of cultivars that secure high yields under climate change but also by competing weeds is of major importance. Traits related with (a) increased root/shoot ratio, (b) vernalization periods, (c) maturity, (d) regulation of node formation and/or internode distance, (e) harvest index variations, and (f) allelopathy merit further investigation. The cumulative effects of selecting a suitable stress tolerator-competitor cultivar will be reflected in reductions of environmental pollution, lower production costs, and sustainable food production.

Uncertainties around reductions in China's coal use and CO2 emissions - Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M. (Nature Climate Change, 2016)

Environmental harm or natural hazard? Problem identification and adaptation in U.S. municipal climate action plans - Koski, Chris; Siulagi, Alma (Review of Policy Research, 2016)
A number of cities in the United States have devised climate action plans (CAPs) to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, few of these plans address strategies to adapt to the long term effects of climate change that will occur in the near and distant future. The research presented in this article examines why cities choose to embed adaptation provisions in their CAPs. Our study codes the content of CAPs for all cities (N = 98) in the United States with populations greater than 50,000. We find cities that frame problems associated with climate change in the language of hazards are more likely to include adaptation strategies in their CAPs than cities that focus on other types of environmental harm. Our findings suggest that more robust efforts to plan for climate change will require the activation of communities of interest beyond those that have been instrumental in setting the current climate agenda.
Keywords: climate change climate action planning adaptation environmental framing environment urban studies disaster & risk management municipal municipality climate action plans cities mitigation

Impact of declining intermediate-water oxygen on deepwater fishes in the California Current - Koslow, J. Anthony; Goericke, Ralf; Lara-Lopez, Ana; Watson, William (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2011)
Although declining oxygen concentration has been reported for the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the tropical oceans and the North Pacific Ocean, consistent with model predictions of the effects of global warming, its ecological impacts are poorly understood. We report the apparent impact of declining oxygen on midwater fishes within the OMZ of the southern California Current (CC). Principal component analysis of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) ichthyoplankton time series from 1951 to 2008 indicates that the dominant temporal pattern (principal component 1 [PC1]) represents the marked decline of the regions mesopelagic fishes during periods of reduced oxygen. Of the 27 taxa with loadings > 0.5 on PC1, 24 were mesopelagic. PC1 was strongly correlated with intermediate-water oxygen concentrations (r = 0.75, p < 0.05), which were about 20% lower in the past decade and the 1950s than in the period from 1970 to 1995. The abundance of mesopelagic fishes represented by PC1 was reduced, on average, by 63% between periods of high and low oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism is the shoaling of the hypoxic boundary layer during periods of reduced oxygen, which renders the mesopelagic fauna more vulnerable to visually orienting predators. The mesopelagic fish fauna provides a vital trophodynamic link between the marine plankton and many higher predators. The decline of deepwater fish populations has profound implications for commercial fisheries, marine food webs and marine conservation: climate models predict a 20 to 40% decline in global deepwater oxygen concentrations over the coming century.
10.3354/meps09270

Hurricane intensification along U. S. coast suppressed during active hurricane periods - Kossin, James P. (Nature, 2017)

The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity - Kossin, James P.; Emanuel, Kerry A.; Vecchi, Gabriel A. (Nature, 2014)

Extreme storms - Kossin, J.P.; Hall, T.; Knutson, T.; Kunkel, K.E.; Trapp, R.J.; Waliser, D.E.; Wehner, M.F. (Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I, 2017)

A more general framework for understanding Atlantic hurricane variability and trends - Kossin, James P.; Vimont, Daniel J. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2007)
Atlantic hurricane variability on decadal and interannual time scales is reconsidered in a framework based on a leading mode of coupled ocean–atmosphere variability known as the Atlantic meridional mode (AMM). It is shown that a large part of the variability of overall “hurricane activity,” which depends on the number of storms in a season, their duration, and their intensity, can be explained by systematic shifts in the cyclogenesis regions. These shifts are strongly correlated with the AMM on interannual as well as multidecadal time scales. It is suggested that the AMM serves to unify a number of previously documented relationships between hurricanes and Atlantic regional climate variability.

Association between air quality and hospital visits—Fairbanks, 2003–2008 - Kossover, Rachel ([State of Alaska] Epidemiology Bulletin, 2010)

Use of Climate Information for Decision-Making and Impact Research - Kotamarthi, R.; Mearns, L.; Hayhoe, K.; Castro, C.; Wuebbles, D. (U.S. Department of Defense, Strategic Environment Research and Development Program Report, 2016)

Using natural capital to reduce disaster risk - Kousky, Carolyn (Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 2010)

Financing Flood Losses: A Discussion of the National Flood Insurance Program - Kousky, Carolyn (2017)
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), housed in the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has been providing flood insurance to households and businesses for almost 50 years. To inform the policy discussion leading up to reauthorization, this article analyzes five aspects of the NFIP: (1) risk modeling and risk communication, (2) the roles of the public and private sector, (3) take‐up rates, (4) incentives for risk reduction, and (5) rate setting and the financing of catastrophic flood events. Suggestions for reform are discussed.

The Role of Land Use in Adaptation to Increased Precipitation and Flooding: A Case Study in Wisconsin's Lower Fox River Basin - Kousky, Carolyn; Olmstead, Sheila; Walls, Margaret; Stern, Adam; Macauley, Molly (Resources for the Future, 2011)

Area-level risk factors for heat-related illness in rural and urban locations across North Carolina, USA - Kovach, Margaret M.; Konrad, Charles E.; Fuhrmann, Christopher M. (Applied Geography, 2015)
Keywords: Heat Environmental health Area-level risk factors Geographic information systems Rural health Urban health

Genetic change for earlier migration timing in a pink salmon population - Kovach, Ryan P.; Gharrett, Anthony J.; Tallmon, David A. (Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2012)
To predict how climate change will influence populations, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms, particularly microevolution and phenotypic plasticity, that allow populations to persist in novel environmental conditions. Although evidence for climate-induced phenotypic change in populations is widespread, evidence documenting that these phenotypic changes are due to microevolution is exceedingly rare. In this study, we use 32 years of genetic data (17 complete generations) to determine whether there has been a genetic change towards earlier migration timing in a population of pink salmon that shows phenotypic change; average migration time occurs nearly two weeks earlier than it did 40 years ago. Experimental genetic data support the hypothesis that there has been directional selection for earlier migration timing, resulting in a substantial decrease in the late-migrating phenotype (from more than 30% to less than 10% of the total abundance). From 1983 to 2011, there was a significant decrease—over threefold—in the frequency of a genetic marker for late-migration timing, but there were minimal changes in allele frequencies at other neutral loci. These results demonstrate that there has been rapid microevolution for earlier migration timing in this population. Circadian rhythm genes, however, did not show any evidence for selective changes from 1993 to 2009.%U http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/279/1743/3870.full.pdf

Earlier migration timing, decreasing phenotypic variation, and biocomplexity in multiple salmonid species - Kovach, Ryan P.; Joyce, John E.; Echave, Jesse D.; Lindberg, Mark S.; Tallmon, David A. (PLOS ONE, 2013)
Climate-induced phenological shifts can influence population, evolutionary, and ecological dynamics, but our understanding of these phenomena is hampered by a lack of long-term demographic data. We use a multi-decade census of 5 salmonid species representing 14 life histories in a warming Alaskan stream to address the following key questions about climate change and phenology: How consistent are temporal patterns and drivers of phenology for similar species and alternative life histories? Are shifts in phenology associated with changes in phenotypic variation? How do phenological changes influence the availability of resource subsidies? For most salmonid species, life stages, and life histories, freshwater temperature influences migration timing – migration events are occurring earlier in time (mean = 1.7 days earlier per decade over the 3–5 decades), and the number of days over which migration events occur is decreasing (mean = 1.5 days per decade). Temporal trends in migration timing were not correlated with changes in intra-annual phenotypic variation, suggesting that these components of the phenotypic distribution have responded to environmental change independently. Despite commonalities across species and life histories, there was important biocomplexity in the form of disparate shifts in migration timing and variation in the environmental factors influencing migration timing for alternative life history strategies in the same population. Overall, adult populations have been stable during these phenotypic and environmental changes (λ ≈1.0), but the temporal availability of salmon as a resource in freshwater has decreased by nearly 30 days since 1971 due to changes in the median date of migration timing and decreases in intra-annual variation in migration timing. These novel observations advance our understanding of phenological change in response to climate warming, and indicate that climate change has influenced the ecology of salmon populations, which will have important consequences for the numerous species that depend on this resource.

Genetic diversity is related to climatic variation and vulnerability in threatened bull trout - Kovach, Ryan P.; Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Wade, Alisa A.; Hand, Brian K.; Whited, Diane C.; DeHaan, Patrick W.; Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Luikart, Gordon (Global Change Biology, 2015)
Keywords: bull trout climate change conservation genetics genetic diversity salmonid stream flow temperature vulnerability

Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals - Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Overland, James E.; Moore, Sue E. (Marine Biodiversity, 2011)
Arctic sea ice has changed dramatically, especially during the last decade and continued declines in extent and thickness are expected for the decades to come. Some ice-associated marine mammals are already showing distribution shifts, compromised body condition and declines in production/abundance in response to sea-ice declines. In contrast, temperate marine mammal species are showing northward expansions of their ranges, which are likely to cause competitive pressure on some endemic Arctic species, as well as putting them at greater risk of predation, disease and parasite infections. The negative impacts observed to date within Arctic marine mammal populations are expected to continue and perhaps escalate over the coming decade, with continued declines in seasonal coverage of sea ice. This situation presents a significant risk to marine biodiversity among endemic Arctic marine mammals.

Ecological intensification to mitigate impacts of conventional intensive land use on pollinators and pollination - Kovács-Hostyánszki, Anikó; Espíndola, Anahí; Vanbergen, Adam J.; Settele, Josef; Kremen, Claire; Dicks, Lynn V. (Ecology Letters, 2017)
Worldwide, human appropriation of ecosystems is disrupting plant–pollinator communities and pollination function through habitat conversion and landscape homogenisation. Conversion to agriculture is destroying and degrading semi-natural ecosystems while conventional land-use intensification (e.g. industrial management of large-scale monocultures with high chemical inputs) homogenises landscape structure and quality. Together, these anthropogenic processes reduce the connectivity of populations and erode floral and nesting resources to undermine pollinator abundance and diversity, and ultimately pollination services. Ecological intensification of agriculture represents a strategic alternative to ameliorate these drivers of pollinator decline while supporting sustainable food production, by promoting biodiversity beneficial to agricultural production through management practices such as intercropping, crop rotations, farm-level diversification and reduced agrochemical use. We critically evaluate its potential to address and reverse the land use and management trends currently degrading pollinator communities and potentially causing widespread pollination deficits. We find that many of the practices that constitute ecological intensification can contribute to mitigating the drivers of pollinator decline. Our findings support ecological intensification as a solution to pollinator declines, and we discuss ways to promote it in agricultural policy and practice.

Heat stress and public health: A critical review - Kovats, R. S.; Hajat, S. (Annual Review of Public Health, 2008)
Heat is an environmental and occupational hazard. The prevention of deaths in the community caused by extreme high temperatures (heat waves) is now an issue of public health concern. The risk of heat-related mortality increases with natural aging, but persons with particular social and/or physical vulnerability are also at risk. lmportant differences in vulnerability exist between populations, depending on climate, culture, infrastructure (housing), and other factors. Public health measures include health promotion and heat wave warning systems, but the effectiveness of acute measures in response to heat waves has not yet been formally evaluated. Climate change will increase the frequency and the intensity of heat waves, and a range of measures, including improvements to housing, management of chronic diseases, and institutional care of the elderly and the vulnerable, will need to be developed to reduce health impacts.
Keywords: heat waves; early warning; mortality; august 2003; air-pollution; hospital admissions; united-states; excess mortality; elderly-people; french cities; risk-factors; hot weather; series data

Permafrost carbon−climate feedback is sensitive to deep soil carbon decomposability but not deep soil nitrogen dynamics - Koven, Charles D.; Lawrence, David M.; Riley, William J. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015)
Permafrost soils contain enormous amounts of organic carbon whose stability is contingent on remaining frozen. With future warming, these soils may release carbon to the atmosphere and act as a positive feedback to climate change. Significant uncertainty remains on the postthaw carbon dynamics of permafrost-affected ecosystems, in particular since most of the carbon resides at depth where decomposition dynamics may differ from surface soils, and since nitrogen mineralized by decomposition may enhance plant growth. Here we show, using a carbon−nitrogen model that includes permafrost processes forced in an unmitigated warming scenario, that the future carbon balance of the permafrost region is highly sensitive to the decomposability of deeper carbon, with the net balance ranging from 21 Pg C to 164 Pg C losses by 2300. Increased soil nitrogen mineralization reduces nutrient limitations, but the impact of deep nitrogen on the carbon budget is small due to enhanced nitrogen availability from warming surface soils and seasonal asynchrony between deeper nitrogen availability and plant nitrogen demands. Although nitrogen dynamics are highly uncertain, the future carbon balance of this region is projected to hinge more on the rate and extent of permafrost thaw and soil decomposition than on enhanced nitrogen availability for vegetation growth resulting from permafrost thaw.

A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback - Koven, C. D.; Schuur, E. A. G.; Schädel, C.; Bohn, T. J.; Burke, E. J.; Chen, G.; Chen, X.; Ciais, P.; Grosse, G.; Harden, J. W.; Hayes, D. J.; Hugelius, G.; et al. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2015)
We present an approach to estimate the feedback from large-scale thawing of permafrost soils using a simplified, data-constrained model that combines three elements: soil carbon (C) maps and profiles to identify the distribution and type of C in permafrost soils; incubation experiments to quantify the rates of C lost after thaw; and models of soil thermal dynamics in response to climate warming. We call the approach the Permafrost Carbon Network Incubation–Panarctic Thermal scaling approach (PInc-PanTher). The approach assumes that C stocks do not decompose at all when frozen, but once thawed follow set decomposition trajectories as a function of soil temperature. The trajectories are determined according to a three-pool decomposition model fitted to incubation data using parameters specific to soil horizon types. We calculate litterfall C inputs required to maintain steady-state C balance for the current climate, and hold those inputs constant. Soil temperatures are taken from the soil thermal modules of ecosystem model simulations forced by a common set of future climate change anomalies under two warming scenarios over the period 2010 to 2100. Under a medium warming scenario (RCP4.5), the approach projects permafrost soil C losses of 12.2–33.4 Pg C; under a high warming scenario (RCP8.5), the approach projects C losses of 27.9–112.6 Pg C. Projected C losses are roughly linearly proportional to global temperature changes across the two scenarios. These results indicate a global sensitivity of frozen soil C to climate change (γ sensitivity) of −14 to −19 Pg C °C−1 on a 100 year time scale. For CH4 emissions, our approach assumes a fixed saturated area and that increases in CH4 emissions are related to increased heterotrophic respiration in anoxic soil, yielding CH4 emission increases of 7% and 35% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which add an additional greenhouse gas forcing of approximately 10–18%. The simplified approach presented here neglects many important processes that may amplify or mitigate C release from permafrost soils, but serves as a data-constrained estimate on the forced, large-scale permafrost C response to warming.%U http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roypta/373/2054/20140423.full.pdf

Black carbon aerosol-induced Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion - Kovilakam, Mahesh; Mahajan, Salil (Geophysical Research Letters, 2015)
Keywords: tropical expansion black carbon aerosol midlatitude warming 1616 Climate variability 1620 Climate dynamics 3305 Climate change and variability 3373 Tropical dynamics 3311 Clouds and aerosols

Growth Control in Woody Plants - Kozlowski, T. T.; Pallardy, S. G. (Academic Press, 1997)

Estimating climate trends: Application to United States plant hardiness zones - Krakauer, Nir Y. (Advances in Meteorology, 2012)

Bleaching and catastrophic mortality of reef-building corals along west Hawai‘i island: Findings and future directions - Kramer, K. L.; Cotton, S. P.; Lamson, M. R.; Walsh, W. J. (Bridging Science to Policy: Proceedings of the 13th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2016)

Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century - Kramer, Ryan J.; Bounoua, Lahouari; Zhang, Ping; Wolfe, Robert E.; Huntington, Thomas G.; Imhoff, Marc L.; Thome, Kurtis; Noyce, Genevieve L. (Hydrology, 2015)

Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise - Krauss, Ken W.; Cormier, Nicole; Osland, Michael J.; Kirwan, Matthew L.; Stagg, Camille L.; Nestlerode, Janet A.; Russell, Marc J.; From, Andrew S.; Spivak, Amanda C.; Dantin, Darrin D.; Harvey, James E.; Almario, Alejandro E. (Scientific Reports, 2017)
Mangrove wetlands provide ecosystem services for millions of people, most prominently by providing storm protection, food and fodder. Mangrove wetlands are also valuable ecosystems for promoting carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, loss of mangrove wetlands and these ecosystem services are a global concern, prompting the restoration and creation of mangrove wetlands as a potential solution. Here, we investigate soil surface elevation change, and its components, in created mangrove wetlands over a 25 year developmental gradient. All created mangrove wetlands were exceeding current relative sea-level rise rates (2.6 mm yr−1), with surface elevation change of 4.2–11.0 mm yr−1 compared with 1.5–7.2 mm yr−1 for nearby reference mangroves. While mangrove wetlands store C persistently in roots/soils, storage capacity is most valuable if maintained with future sea-level rise. Through empirical modeling, we discovered that properly designed creation projects may not only yield enhanced C storage, but also can facilitate wetland persistence perennially under current rates of sea-level rise and, for most sites, for over a century with projected medium accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 6.0). Only the fastest projected accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 8.5) led to widespread submergence and potential loss of stored C for created mangrove wetlands before 2100.

Extended Follow-up and Spatial Analysis of the American Cancer Society Study Linking Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality - Krewski, Daniel; Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Ma, Renjun; Hughes, Edward; Shi, Yuanli; Turner, Michelle C.; Pope, C. Arden, III; Thurston, George; Calle, Eugenia E.; Thun, Michael J. (Health Effects Institute, 2009)

Toward a mechanism for eastern North American forest mesophication: Differential litter drying across 17 species - Kreye, Jesse K.; Varner, J. Morgan; Hiers, J. Kevin; Mola, John (Ecological Applications, 2013)
Keywords: Acer rubrum ecological restoration fire exclusion fuel moisture leaf traits positive feedbacks

A new scenario framework for climate change research: The concept of shared climate policy assumptions - Kriegler, Elmar; Edmonds, J.; Hallegatte, S.; Ebi, Kristie L.; Kram, T.; Riahi, Keywan; Winkler, Harald; van Vuuren, Detlef P. (Climatic Change, 2014)

2013–2027 National Insect and Disease Forest Risk Assessment - Krist, Frank J.; Ellenwood, James R.; Woods, Meghan E.; McMahan, Andrew J.; Cowardin, John P.; Ryerson, Daniel E.; Sapio, Frank J.; Zweifler, Mark O.; Romero, Sheryl A. (US Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET), 2014)

What can livestock breeders learn from conservation genetics and vice versa? - Kristensen, Torsten N.; Hoffmann, Ary A.; Pertoldi, Cino; Stronen, Astrid V. (Frontiers in Genetics, 2015)
The management of livestock breeds and threatened natural population share common challenges, including small effective population sizes, high risk of inbreeding, and the potential benefits and costs associated with mixing disparate gene pools. Here we consider what has been learnt about these issues, the ways in which the knowledge gained from one area might be applied to the other, and the potential of genomics to provide new insights. Although there are key differences stemming from the importance of artificial versus natural selection and the decreased level of environmental heterogeneity experienced by many livestock populations, we suspect that information from genetic rescue in natural populations could be usefully applied to livestock. This includes an increased emphasis on maintaining substantial population sizes at the expense of genetic uniqueness in ensuring future adaptability, and on emphasizing the way that environmental changes can influence the relative fitness of deleterious alleles and genotypes in small populations. We also suspect that information gained from cross-breeding and the maintenance of unique breeds will be increasingly important for the preservation of genetic variation in small natural populations. In particular, selected genes identified in domestic populations provide genetic markers for exploring adaptive evolution in threatened natural populations. Genomic technologies in the two disciplines will be important in the future in realizing genetic gains in livestock and maximizing adaptive capacity in wildlife, and particularly in understanding how parts of the genome may respond differently when exposed to population processes and selection.
Keywords: effective population size,Inbreeding,Indigenous breeds,Genetic rescue,Genomics,selection

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: Quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming - Kroeker, Kristy J.; Kordas, Rebecca L.; Crim, Ryan; Hendriks, Iris E.; Ramajo, Laura; Singh, Gerald S.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (Global Change Biology, 2013)
Keywords: calcification carbonate chemistry climate change cumulative effects pH

Tribal renewable energy development under the Hearth Act: An independently rational, but collectively deficient option - Kronk Warner, Elizabeth Ann (Arizona Law Review, 2013)

Examining tribal environmental law - Kronk Warner, Elizabeth Ann (Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 2014)

Indigenous adaptation in the face of climate change - Kronk Warner, Elizabeth Ann (Journal of Environmental & Sustainability Law, 2015)

Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations - Krueger, Charles C.; Zimmerman, Christian E. (American Fisheries Society, 2009)

Hedging an Uncertain Future: Internal Carbon Prices in the Electric Power Sector - Kruger, Joseph A. (Resources for the Future, 2017)

On the state of the knowledge of rainfall extremes in the western and northern Pacific basin - Kruk, Michael C.; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Griffiths, Georgina M.; Lander, Mark; Gibney, Ethan J.; Diamond, Howard J.; Marra, John J. (International Journal of Climatology, 2015)
The relevant literature on extreme rainfall events in the Pacific remains relatively sparse compared to other regions (e.g. the coterminous United States, Europe, etc.). Moreover, several recent reports on climate in the Pacific mention the paucity of extremes information and often list ‘trends in historical climate’ as a necessary next step. This scientific assessment meets this need by examining historical trends in and drivers of extreme rainfall events across the entire Pacific Basin, inclusive from Alaska southward to Australia, and longitudinally from the Philippines eastward to North America, with an emphasis on island and coastal locations (within 200 km of the coastline). There is evidence of a general decrease in the frequency of annual extreme rainfall events, yet the amount of extreme precipitation contributing to annual and seasonal totals appears to be on the rise. Region-wide, the number of consecutive dry days is increasing for those locations that are already dry, while the number of consecutive wet days is increasing for the already wet locales. The data for extreme rainfall statistics are considered to be relatively high quality for trend detection, while the level of understanding of the physical causes behind extreme rainfall is positively high. Since the ability to analyze the changes in historical rainfall extremes with some confidence is relatively recent, understanding is expected to improve in the future with the advancement of new datasets and ‘climate reanalysis’ projects.
Keywords: extreme events Rainfall Pacific Islands Climatology Extremes trends assessment ETCCDI ITCZ precipitation PSCP SPCZ

Avoidable impacts of ocean warming on marine primary production: Insights from the CESM ensembles - Krumhardt, Kristen M.; Lovenduski, Nicole S.; Long, Matthew C.; Lindsay, Keith (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2017)
Keywords: net primary production phytoplankton ocean warming RCP scenarios climate change 1626 Global climate models 4805 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling 4806 Carbon cycling 4815 Ecosystems, structure, dynamics, and modeling 4855 Phytoplankton

A century of ocean warming on Florida Keys coral reefs: Historic in situ observations - Kuffner, Ilsa B.; Lidz, Barbara H.; Hudson, J. Harold; Anderson, Jeffrey S. (Estuaries and Coasts, 2015)
There is strong evidence that global climate change over the last several decades has caused shifts in species distributions, species extinctions, and alterations in the functioning of ecosystems. However, because of high variability on short (i.e., diurnal, seasonal, and annual) timescales as well as the recency of a comprehensive instrumental record, it is difficult to detect or provide evidence for long-term, site-specific trends in ocean temperature. Here we analyze five in situ datasets from Florida Keys coral reef habitats, including historic measurements taken by lighthouse keepers, to provide three independent lines of evidence supporting approximately 0.8 °C of warming in sea surface temperature (SST) over the last century. Results indicate that the warming observed in the records between 1878 and 2012 can be fully accounted for by the warming observed in recent decades (from 1975 to 2007), documented using in situ thermographs on a mid-shore patch reef. The magnitude of warming revealed here is similar to that found in other SST datasets from the region and to that observed in global mean surface temperature. The geologic context and significance of recent ocean warming to coral growth and population dynamics are discussed, as is the future prognosis for the Florida reef tract.

Climate-driven crop yield and yield variability and climate change impacts on the U.S. Great Plains agricultural production - Kukal, Meetpal S.; Irmak, Suat (Scientific Reports, 2018)
Climate variability and trends affect global crop yields and are characterized as highly dependent on location, crop type, and irrigation. U.S. Great Plains, due to its significance in national food production, evident climate variability, and extensive irrigation is an ideal region of investigation for climate impacts on food production. This paper evaluates climate impacts on maize, sorghum, and soybean yields and effect of irrigation for individual counties in this region by employing extensive crop yield and climate datasets from 1968–2013. Variability in crop yields was a quarter of the regional average yields, with a quarter of this variability explained by climate variability, and temperature and precipitation explained these in singularity or combination at different locations. Observed temperature trend was beneficial for maize yields, but detrimental for sorghum and soybean yields, whereas observed precipitation trend was beneficial for all three crops. Irrigated yields demonstrated increased robustness and an effective mitigation strategy against climate impacts than their non-irrigated counterparts by a considerable fraction. The information, data, and maps provided can serve as an assessment guide for planners, managers, and policy- and decision makers to prioritize agricultural resilience efforts and resource allocation or re-allocation in the regions that exhibit risk from climate variability.

Hydraulic responses to extreme drought conditions in three co-dominant tree species in shallow soil over bedrock - Kukowski, Kelly R.; Schwinning, Susanne; Schwartz, Benjamin F. (Oecologia, 2013)
An important component of the hydrological niche involves the partitioning of water sources, but in landscapes characterized by shallow soils over fractured bedrock, root growth is highly constrained. We conducted a study to determine how physical constraints in the root zone affected the water use of three tree species that commonly coexist on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas; cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia), live oak (Quercus fusiformis), and Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei). The year of the study was unusually dry; minimum predawn water potentials measured in August were −8 MPa in juniper, less than −8 MPa in elm, and −5 MPa in oak. All year long, species used nearly identical water sources, based on stable isotope analysis of stem water. Sap flow velocities began to decline simultaneously in May, but the rate of decline was fastest for oak and slowest for juniper. Thus, species partitioned water by time when they could not partition water by source. Juniper lost 15–30 % of its stem hydraulic conductivity, while percent loss for oak was 70–75 %, and 90 % for elm. There was no tree mortality in the year of the study, but 2 years later, after an even more severe drought in 2011, we recorded 34, 14, 6, and 1 % mortality among oak, elm, juniper, and Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), respectively. Among the study species, mortality rates ranked in the same order as the rate of sap flow decline in 2009. Among the angiosperms, mortality rates correlated with wood density, lending further support to the hypothesis that species with more cavitation-resistant xylem are more susceptible to catastrophic hydraulic failure under acute drought.

Woody plant encroachment facilitated by increased precipitation intensity - Kulmatiski, Andrew; Beard, Karen H. (Nature Climate Change, 2013)

Rapid escalation of coastal flood exposure in US municipalities from sea level rise - Kulp, Scott; Strauss, Benjamin H. (Climatic Change, 2017)
Rising sea levels are increasing the exposure of populations and infrastructure to coastal flooding. While earlier studies estimate magnitudes of future exposure or project rates of sea level rise, here, we estimate growth rates of exposure, likely to be a key factor in how effectively coastal communities can adapt. These rates may not correlate well with sea level rise rates due to varying patterns of topography and development. We integrate exposure assessments based on LiDAR elevation data with extreme flood event distributions and sea level rise projections to compute the expected annual exposure of population, housing, roads, and property value in 327 medium-to-large coastal municipalities circumscribing the contiguous USA, and identify those localities that could experience rapid exposure growth sometime this century. We define a rate threshold of 0.25% additive increase in expected annual exposure per year, based on its rarity of present-day exceedance. With unchecked carbon emissions under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, the number of cities exceeding the threshold reaches 33 (18–59, 90% CI) by 2050 and 90 (22–196) by 2100, including the cities of Boston and Miami. Sharp cuts under RCP 2.6 limit the end-of-century total to 28 (12–105), versus a baseline of 7 cities in 2000. The methods and results presented here offer a new way to illustrate the consequences of different emission scenarios or mitigation efforts, and locally assess the urgency of coastal adaptation measures.

Effects of Aquifer Development and Changes in Irrigation Practices on Ground-Water Availability in the Santa Isabel Area, Puerto Rico - Kuniansky, Eve L.; Gómez-Gómez, Fernando; Torres-González, Sigfredo (U.S. Geological Survey, Caribean District, 2004)

Effects of Changes in Irrigation Practices and Aquifer Development on Groundwater Discharge to the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve near Salinas, Puerto Rico - Kuniansky, Eve L.; Rodriguez, José M (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010)

State Climate Summaries for the United States - Kunkel, Ken; Frankson, R.; Runkle, Jennifer; Champion, Sarah; Stevens, Laura; Easterling, David; Stewart, Brooke (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, 2017)

Temporal variations of extreme precipitation events in the United States: 1895–2000 - Kunkel, Kenneth E.; Easterling, David R.; Redmond, Kelly; Hubbard, Kenneth (Geophysical Research Letters, 2003)
A newly available data set of daily precipitation observations was used to study the temporal variability of the frequency of short-duration extreme precipitation events for 1895–2000 in the conterminous United States. Event durations of 1, 5, 10, and 30 day and return periods of 1, 5, and 20 year were analyzed. For all combinations of duration and return period, heavy precipitation frequencies were relatively high during the late 19th/early 20th Centuries, decreasing to a minimum in the 1920s and 30s, followed by a general increase into the 1990s. The frequencies at the beginning of the 20th Century were nearly as high as during the late 20th Century for some combinations of duration and return period, suggesting that natural variability cannot be discounted as an important contributor to the recent high values. Extensive quality control of data and Monte Carlo testing was performed to provide confidence in the reality of the early period high frequencies.

Monitoring and understanding trends in extreme storms: State of knowledge - Kunkel, K.E.; Karl, T.R.; Brooks, H.; Kossin, J.; Lawrimore, J.; Arndt, D.; Bosart, L.; Changnon, D.; Cutter, S.L.; Doesken, N.; Emanuel, K.; Groisman, P.Ya.; et al. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2013)

Probable maximum precipitation and climate change - Kunkel, Kenneth E.; Karl, Thomas R.; Easterling, David R.; Redmond, Kelly; Young, John; Yin, Xungang; Hennon, Paula (Geophysical Research Letters, 2013)
Keywords: Probable Maximum Precipitation Climate Change 1610 Atmosphere 1626 Global climate models 1655 Water cycles 1817 Extreme events 1840 Hydrometeorology

Trends in twentieth-century US snowfall using a quality-controlled dataset - Kunkel, K.E.; Palecki, M.; Ensor, L.; Hubbard, K.G.; Robinson, D.; Redmond, K.; Easterling, D. (Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2009)
A quality assessment of daily manual snowfall data has been undertaken for all U.S. long-term stations and their suitability for climate research. The assessment utilized expert judgment on the quality of each station. Through this process, the authors have identified a set of stations believed to be suitable for analysis of trends. Since the 1920s, snowfall has been declining in the West and the mid-Atlantic coast. In some places during recent years the decline has been more precipitous, strongly trending downward along the southern margins of the seasonal snow region, the southern Missouri River basin, and parts of the Northeast. Snowfall has been increasing since the 1920s in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes–northern Ohio Valley, and parts of the north-central United States. These areas that are in opposition to the overall pattern of declining snowfall seem to be associated with specific dynamical processes, such as upslope snow and lake-effect snow that may be responding to changes in atmospheric circulation.
Keywords: Snowfall, Lake effects, Atmospheric circulation

Trends and extremes in Northern Hemisphere snow characteristics - Kunkel, Kenneth E.; Robinson, David A.; Champion, Sarah; Yin, Xungang; Estilow, Thomas; Frankson, Rebekah M. (Current Climate Change Reports, 2016)
Recent studies of snow climatology show a mix of trends but a preponderance of evidence suggest an overall tendency toward decreases in several metrics of snow extremes. The analysis performed herein on maximum seasonal snow depth points to a robust negative trend in this variable for the period of winter 1960/1961–winter 2014/2015. This conclusion is applicable to North America. Maximum snow depth is also mostly decreasing for those European stations analyzed. Research studies show generally negative trends in snow cover extent and snow water equivalent across both North America and Eurasia. These results are mostly, but not fully, consistent with simple hypotheses for the effects of global warming on snow characteristics.

Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 3. Climate of the Midwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-3 - Kunkel, K. E.; Stevens, L. E.; Stevens, S. E.; Sun, L.; Janssen, E.; Wuebbles, D.; Hilberg, S.D.; Timlin, M.S.; Stoecker, L.; Westcott, N.E.; Dobson, J.G. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 2013)

Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 4. Climate of the U.S. Great Plains. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-4 - Kunkel, K.E.; Stevens, L.E.; Stevens, S.E.; Sun, L.; Janssen, E.; Wuebbles, D.; Kruk, M.C.; Thomas, D.P.; Shulski, M. D.; Umphlett, N.; Hubbard, K. G.; Robbins, K.; et al. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 2013)

Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 5. Climate of the Southwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-5 - Kunkel, K. E.; Stevens, L. E.; Stevens, S. E.; Sun, L.; Janssen, E.; Wuebbles, D.; Redmond, K.T.; Dobson, J.G. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 2013)

Risk management and climate change - Kunreuther, Howard; Heal, Geoffrey; Allen, Myles; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Field, Christopher B.; Yohe, Gary (Nature Climate Change, 2013)

Making America more resilient toward natural disasters: A call for action - Kunreuther, Howard; Michel-Kerjan, Erwann; Pauly, Mark (Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 2013)

At War with the Weather: Managing Large-Scale Risks in a New Era of Catastrophes - Kunreuther, H. C.; Michel-Kerjan, E. O.; Doherty, Neil A.; Grace, Martin F.; Klein, Robert W.; Pauly, Mark V. (The MIT Press, 2011)

Predictability of swimming prohibitions by observational parameters: A proactive public health policy, Stamford, Connecticut, 1989-2004 - Kuntz, Joseph; Murray, Robert (Journal of Environmental Health, 2009)

Investigation of superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach - Kunz, M.; Mühr, B.; Kunz-Plapp, T.; Daniell, J. E.; Khazai, B.; Wenzel, F.; Vannieuwenhuyse, M.; Comes, T.; Elmer, F.; Schröter, K.; Fohringer, J.; Münzberg, T.; et al. (Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2013)
NHESS

Health effects of the 2003 Southern California wildfires on children - Künzli, Nino; Avol, Ed; Wu, Jun; Gauderman, W. James; Rappaport, Ed; Millstein, Joshua; Bennion, Jonathan; McConnell, Rob; Gilliland, Frank D.; Berhane, Kiros; Lurmann, Fred; Winer, Arthur; et al. (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2006)
Ch3,7

Predicting the post-fire establishment and persistence of an invasive tree species across a complex landscape - Kuppinger, Dane M; Jenkins, Michael A; White, Peter S (Biological Invasions, 2010)

Estimating technical potential for rooftop photovoltaics in California, Arizona and New Jersey - Kurdgelashvili, Lado; Li, Junli; Shih, Cheng-Hao; Attia, Benjamin (Renewable Energy, 2016)
Keywords: Photovoltaics Solar rooftop potential Distributed generation Residential buildings Commercial buildings State solar potential

Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change - Kurz, W. A.; Dymond, C. C.; Stinson, G.; Rampley, G. J.; Neilson, E. T.; Carroll, A. L.; Ebata, T.; Safranyik, L. (Nature, 2008)
10.1038/nature06777

The Economic Impact of Rural Broadband - Kuttner, Hanns (Hudson Institute, 2016)

Emergent constraints on projections of declining primary production in the tropical oceans - Kwiatkowski, Lester; Bopp, Laurent; Aumont, Olivier; Ciais, Philippe; Cox, Peter M.; Laufkötter, Charlotte; Li, Yue; Séférian, Roland (Nature Climate Change, 2017)

2014 Kansas Water Plan - KWO (Kansas Water Office (KWO), 2015)