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Frequently Asked Questions

In addition to the following questions about PISA, more FAQs about international assessments are available at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/international/faqs.asp.

PISA measures student performance in reading, mathematics, and science literacy. Since 2000, PISA has been conducted every 3 years except for a 1-year delay in the current cycle (from 2021 to 2022) due to the pandemic. After the 2025 data collection, PISA will change to a 4-year data collection cycle. Each PISA data cycle assesses one of the three core subject areas in depth (considered the major or focal subject), although all three core subjects are assessed in each cycle (the other two subjects are considered minor domains for that assessment year). Assessing all three subjects every 3 years allows countries to have a consistent source of achievement data in each of the three subjects while rotating one area as the primary focus over the years. In addition to the core assessments, education systems may participate in optional assessments, such as financial literacy, problem solving, and creative thinking. More information on the PISA assessment frameworks can be found at www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts.

In 2022, mathematics was the major subject area, as it was in 2012 and 2003. In addition to the core assessments in science, reading, and mathematics literacy, the 2022 cycle included an optional financial literacy and creative thinking assessment. The United States participated in the financial literacy assessment in 2022.

PISA administration cycle

Assessment Year 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 Move to Computer-Based Administration 2015 2018 2022
Domains Assessed in the US Core Domains READING Reading Reading READING Reading Reading READING Reading
Mathematics MATHEMATICS Mathematics Mathematics MATHEMATICS Mathematics Mathematics MATHEMATICS
Science Science SCIENCE Science Science SCIENCE Science Science
Additional Domains    Problem Solving       Creative Problem Solving Collaborative Problem Solving Financial Literacy Financial Literacy
            Financial Literacy Financial Literacy      
Additional Domains NOT assessed in the US                   Global Competency Creative Thinking

NOTE: Reading, mathematics, and science literacy are all assessed in each assessment cycle of the Program for International Assessment (PISA). A separate problem-solving assessment was administered in 2003 and 2012, and financial literacy in 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2022. The subject shown in boldface, all-capital letters is the major or focal subject area for that cycle. As of the 2015 cycle, PISA is administered entirely on computer in the United States.

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Assessments
PISA 2022 consisted of a computer-based assessment of students’ mathematics, science, and reading literacy. Countries could also opt to participate in two additional assessments: financial literacy and creative thinking. In the United States, of the 52 students who were randomly sampled within each school, 41 students took the mathematics, science, and reading literacy assessments and 11 students took the optional financial literacy assessment with reading or mathematics. The group of students who took the financial literacy assessment are referred to as the “financial literacy sample.” This sampling approach used in both 2018 and 2022 cycles is different from the approach used in 2015 when financial literacy was administered to a subset of the students in the main PISA sample.

Questionnaires
In 2022, U.S. participants in PISA completed the following questionnaires:

  • Students completed a 43-minute student questionnaire providing information about their background, attitudes towards reading, and learning strategies and experiences.
  • Students who were sampled to take the financial literacy assessment were asked to complete a separate questionnaire about their financial literacy background and experiences.
  • The principal of each participating school completed a 45-minute school questionnaire providing information on the school's demographics and learning environment, among other topics.

The PISA questionnaires used in the United States are available at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/questionnaire.asp.

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Assessment year Number of participating students Number of participating schools School response rate (percent) Overall student response rate (percent)
Original schools With substitute schools
2000 3,700 145 56 70 85
2003 5,456 262 65 68 83
2006 5,611 166 69 79 91
2009 5,233 165 68 78 87
2012 6,111 161 67 77 89
2015 5,712 177 67 83 90
2018 4,811 162 65 76 85
2022 5,661* 154 125 29 63
*4552 students took the Core assessment and 1,109 took the Financial Literacy assessment.
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Step 1

To provide valid estimates of student achievement and characteristics, PISA selects a sample of students that represents the full population of 15-year-old students in each participating country or education system. This population is defined internationally as 15-year-olds (15 years and 3 months to 16 years and 2 months at the beginning of the testing period) attending both public and private schools in grades 7-12. Each country or education system submits a sampling frame to the international consortium of organizations responsible for the implementation of PISA. The OECD's international sampling contractor then validates each country or education system's sampling frame.

Step 2

Once a sampling frame is validated, the international contractor draws a scientific random sample of a minimum of 150 schools from each frame with two replacement schools for each original school, unless there are fewer than 150 schools, in which case all schools are sampled. A minimum of 50 schools were sampled for subnational participants. The list of selected schools, both original and replacement, is delivered to each education system's PISA national center. Countries and education systems do not draw their own samples.

Step 3

Each country/education system is responsible for recruiting sampled schools. They begin with the original sample and only use the replacement schools if an original school refuses to participate. In accordance with PISA guidelines, replacement schools are identified by assigning the two schools neighboring the sampled school in the sampling frame as substitutes to be used in instances where an original sampled school refuses to participate. Replacement schools are required to be in the same implicit stratum (i.e., have similar demographic characteristics) as the sampled school. The international school response-rate target was 85 percent for all education systems. A minimum of 65 percent of schools from the original sample of schools was required to participate for an education system's data to be included in the international database. Education systems were allowed to use replacement schools (selected during the sampling process) to increase the response rate once the 65 percent benchmark had been reached.

Step 4

After schools are sampled and agree to participate, students are sampled. A minimum of 6,300 students was required in each country or education system that planned to administer the core PISA assessment and the optional financial literacy test. (The minimum student sample size for subnational education systems, such as U.S. states, was 1,500 students.) Each country/education system submits student listing forms containing all age-eligible students for each of its schools to the OECD's international contractor for student-level sampling.

Step 5

The OECD's international contractor carefully reviews the student lists and uses sophisticated software to perform data validity checks to compare each list against what is known of the schools (e.g., expected enrollment, gender distribution) and PISA eligibility requirements (e.g., grade and birthday ranges). The selected student samples are then sent back to each national center. Unlike school sampling, there is no substitution of sampled students allowed.

Step 6

Schools inform students that they have been selected to participate in PISA. Student participation must be at least 80 percent for a country's/education system's data to be reported by the OECD.

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In order to keep PISA as inclusive as possible and to keep the student exclusion rate down, the United States used the UH (Une Heure, or “one hour” in French) instrument designed for students with special education needs. The UH instrument was made available to special education needs students within mainstream schools and contained about half as many items as the regular test instrument. These testing items were deemed more suitable for students with special education needs. A UH student questionnaire, which only contained trend items from the regular student questionnaire, was also administered. The structure of both the UH test instrument and the UH student questionnaire allowed more time per question than the regular instruments, and UH sessions were generally held in small groups.

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In order to increase the accuracy of the measurement of student ability, PISA introduced adaptive testing to the reading assessment in PISA 2018. Instead of using fixed, predetermined test booklets as was done through PISA 2015, the reading assessment given to each student was dynamically determined, based on how the student performed in prior stages. Multistage adaptive testing in reading was made easier because PISA has moved to a computer-based assessment platform, which provides more flexibility in the routing of items and blocks or units of items.

PISA now applies the multistage adaptive test to current major domains as well. For PISA 2022, there were three stages to the PISA 2022 mathematics assessment: Stage 1 for “core” testlets of medium difficulty, Stage 2 for high- or low-difficulty testlets, Stage 3 for high-, medium-, or low-difficulty testlets. Each stage consisted of 9 or 10 items.

Students would start with a medium-difficulty core testlet (“Core 1”) from the first item set, followed by either a high- or low-difficulty testlet from the second item set, followed by either a high-, medium-, or low-difficulty testlet from the third item set. Similarly, another group of students would start with a core testlet from the second item set (“Core 2”) and another group of students would starts with a core testlet from the third item set (“Core 3”). For the students assigned to the non-adaptive part of the design, after the core testlet their path continued in Stage 2 and Stage 3 to core testlets from the other item sets.

For more information about the adaptive PISA test, see the PISA 2022 Technical Report (OECD forthcoming).

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Countries participate in PISA, and subnational education systems also participate in the study. For instance, international cities and regions participated in PISA in 2022, and U.S. states have participated in past PISA cycles.

The list of countries and education systems that participated in each PISA cycle is available at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/participation.asp.

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Age-based sample

The goal of PISA is to represent outcomes of learning rather than outcomes of schooling. By placing the emphasis on age, PISA intends to show what 15-year-olds have learned inside and outside of the classroom throughout their lives, not just in a particular grade. Focusing on age 15 provides an opportunity to measure broad learning outcomes while students across the many participating nations are still required to be in school. Finally, because years of education vary among countries and education systems, choosing an age-based sample makes comparisons across countries and education systems somewhat easier.

Content

PISA is designed to measure "literacy" broadly, while the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) have stronger links to curriculum frameworks and seek to measure students' mastery of specific knowledge, skills, and concepts. The content of PISA is drawn from broad content areas, such as living systems and physical systems for science, in contrast to more specific curriculum-based content, such as biology or physics.

Tasks

To learn more about the differences in the respective approaches to the assessment of mathematics, science, and reading in PISA, PIRLS, TIMSS, and NAEP, the following page contains publications for cross-study comparisons: (https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/international/cross-study-comparisons.asp).
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The United States collects PISA data in the fall of the designated data collection year. The most recently completed PISA 2022 data collection was administered between October and November 2022 in the United States.

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The next administration of PISA is in the spring of 2025, with the results reported in 2026.

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Student and school-level data are available for download and analysis. However, the assessment methods used in international assessments like PISA only produce valid scores for groups, not individuals. Data from PISA 2022 for all countries, including the United States, can be obtained from the OECD website at www.oecd.org/pisa. Data for variables that are specific to United States for PISA can be downloaded from: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/getpubcats.asp?sid=098.

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Yes and no. The U.S. national PISA results are representative of the nation as a whole but not of individual states. Drawing a sample that is representative of all 50 individual states would require a much larger sample than the United States currently draws for international assessments, requiring considerable amounts of additional time and money. A state or territory may elect to participate in PISA as an individual education system—as Massachusetts, North Carolina, and Puerto Rico did in 2015—and in that case a sample is drawn that is representative of that state. In the case of Massachusetts and North Carolina, the samples drawn in 2015 represented public school students only. The Puerto Rico sample in 2015 included both public and private school students. No states elected to participate in PISA 2022 separately from the nation.

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