Since the initial introduction of exercises as a treatment for patients with vestibular deficits, there have been numerous clinical reports on the benefits of treatment. Clinical reports, however, are of limited use as a basis for treatment because, without a control group, they offer only interesting descriptions of the patient populations. Fortunately, several prospective, randomized studies on the treatment of patients with vestibular hypofunction or with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo have been published recently, adding to the small number of previous publications. This review will examine the information provided by those studies. Advances in the use of outcome measures, assessment of otolith function and treatment of related balance problems are also presented.