Allogeneic transplantation is effective in reconstituting haemopoiesis in severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). We report long-term health-related outcomes in 37 children and young adults with SAA transplanted between 1975 and 1996. The median length of follow-up was 17 years (range, 4-25 years). Using a case-control design, late social and medical outcomes in transplant recipients were compared with 146 control subjects matched for gender and age. The majority of patients received an irradiation-containing preparative regimen. There were no significant differences in the self-rating of health status between transplant recipients and controls (P = 0.8), with 71% reporting their health status as excellent and 29% as good compared with 74% and 26% of controls. They demonstrate the same normal psychosexual function as their peers and have similar educational achievements and employment history. Transplant recipients and controls are equally likely to have held a job or be currently employed and there are no significant differences in their personal income (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.11-3.37). Although transplant recipients have had problems related to health insurance policies, the majority have adequate health insurance coverage. There were no differences in chronic health problems between transplant recipients and control subjects, except for expected increases in cataracts, short stature in men, hypothyroidism and gonadal dysfunction. Using self-assessment, these transplant recipients indicated an excellent level of satisfaction and social integration, showing transplantation to be an effective long-term therapy for SAA.