Local reactions to tick bites

Am J Dermatopathol. 2008 Jun;30(3):241-8. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181676b60.

Abstract

A retrospective histological and immunohistochemical study has been carried out in 25 cases of tick bites recorded in our Departments. The samples that included an attached tick showed a cement cone anchoring the mouthparts to the skin and a blood-soaked, spongiform appearance of the superficial dermis, with a mild neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltration. The vessels displayed a loose multilayered endothelial proliferation, with plump endothelia, permeated with erythrocytes. A few of them were severed, allowing copious blood extravasation. The established lesions included the following: erythema chronicum migrans-like cases, foreign body granulomas-sometimes containing remnants of the mouthparts-cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, either of the T-cell or the B-cell type, and tick-bite alopecia. In both the T-cell and B-cell pseudolymphomas, several vessels showed concentric endothelial and perithelial proliferation similar to that seen in the acute lesions. In the tick-bite alopecia, a lymphocytic infiltrate attacked the permanent portion of the hair follicles, whose reaction was a noticeable hyperplasia of the fibrous sheaths, although only a minority of the hairs was destroyed. The observed alterations are specific in the acute lesions and in the alopecia, where they directly arise as a result of the interactions between the host's tissues and the antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory chemicals contained in the tick saliva. In the other lesions, the changes seem less characteristic, although the fragments of mouthparts and the special vascular changes provide a clue to their etiology.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Alopecia Areata / parasitology
  • Alopecia Areata / pathology
  • Animals
  • B-Lymphocytes / pathology
  • Child
  • Erythema Chronicum Migrans / parasitology
  • Erythema Chronicum Migrans / pathology
  • Female
  • Host-Parasite Interactions
  • Humans
  • Insect Bites and Stings / complications
  • Insect Bites and Stings / pathology*
  • Ixodes*
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pseudolymphoma / immunology
  • Pseudolymphoma / pathology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Skin Diseases / immunology
  • Skin Diseases / parasitology
  • Skin Diseases / pathology*
  • T-Lymphocytes / pathology