Esophageal injury is a rare but serious complication of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation using radiofrequency energy. Recent studies have begun to identify variables that may determine heat transfer to and thermal injury of the esophagus. There is significant variability in the relationship between the esophagus and left atrium among individuals. New imaging techniques can facilitate assessment of esophagus position relative to intended ablation targets. Strategies to minimize the risk of esophageal injury include avoidance of ablation near the esophagus, titration of RF energy delivery at the posterior left atrial endocardium, and the use of alternative ablation methods.