Abstract
Two distinct genetic clades of seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses have cocirculated in the recent seasons: clade 2B oseltamivir-resistant and adamantane-susceptible viruses, and clade 2C viruses that are resistant to adamantanes and susceptible to oseltamivir. We tested seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses collected in 2008-2010 from the United States and globally for resistance to antivirals approved by the Food and Drug Administration. We report 28 viruses with both adamantane and oseltamivir (dual) resistance from 5 countries belonging to 4 distinct genotypes. Because of limited options for antiviral treatment, emergence of dual-resistant influenza viruses poses a public health concern, and their circulation needs to be closely monitored.
Publication types
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Adamantane / pharmacology*
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Amino Acid Substitution / genetics
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Antiviral Agents / pharmacology*
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Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral*
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Genome, Viral
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Genotype
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Humans
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Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / drug effects*
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Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / genetics
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Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / isolation & purification
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Influenza, Human / epidemiology*
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Influenza, Human / virology*
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Mutation, Missense
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Neuraminidase / genetics
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Oseltamivir / pharmacology*
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RNA, Viral / genetics
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Viral Matrix Proteins / genetics
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Viral Proteins / genetics
Substances
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Antiviral Agents
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M2 protein, Influenza A virus
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RNA, Viral
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Viral Matrix Proteins
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Viral Proteins
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Oseltamivir
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NA protein, influenza A virus
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Neuraminidase
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Adamantane