The aim of this study was to investigate predictive factors for rapid engraftment after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (alloPBSCT) in patients with acute leukemia. Two hundred sixty-two patients receiving alloPBSCT were analyzed. Subset analyses of donor stem cells were conducted using a flow cytometric method. The correlation between rapid engraftment of neutrophils, platelets, and donor stem cells doses, as well as other recipient and donor clinical factors, was analyzed. In univariate analysis, factors correlated with neutrophil engraftment (≥0.5 × 10(9)/L) by day 12 were achievement of complete remission (CR) after induction chemotherapy (CR1) before hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and high numbers of CD34+ cells, CD3+ T cells, and CD3+/CD4+ T cells. Factors correlated with platelet engraftment (≥20 × 10(9)/L) by day 12 were achievement of CR1 before HCT, donor and recipient sex mismatch, and high numbers of mononuclear cells, CD34+ cells, CD3+ T cells, CD3+/CD4+ T cells, CD3+/CD8+ T cells, and CD56+ NK cells. In multivariate analysis, independent predictive factors for rapid neutrophil and platelet engraftment were CR1 before HCT (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), high number of donor CD34+ cells (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively), and high number of CD3+ T cells (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, achieving CR1 before HCT, as well as larger quantities of donor CD34+ and CD3+ T cells, may predict rapid neutrophil and platelet engraftment after PBSCT.