Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are the most abundant phenolic compounds and have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Following the induction of pleurisy using λ-carrageenan (Cg, 1 %), GSPE (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered per-oral (p.o.), and the glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR), IL-17A expressing cells and other markers, such as cytokines (Th1/Th2 and Th17), were studied. We evaluate the effects of GSPE on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. The results illustrated that the cell numbers of IL-17A and GITR expressing cells and the cytokine levels in Th1/Th17 cells were markedly increased in the Cg-group, whereas the cytokines produced by Th2 cells were significantly decreased in the same group. Treatment with GSPE reversed these effects. Histological examinations revealed anti-inflammatory effects of GSPE.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
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Carrageenan*
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Chemokines / genetics
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Chemokines / metabolism*
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Cytokines / genetics
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Disease Models, Animal
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Female
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein / genetics
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Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein / metabolism
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Grape Seed Extract / pharmacology*
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Inflammation Mediators / metabolism*
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Lung / drug effects*
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Lung / immunology
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Lung / metabolism
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Lung / pathology
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred BALB C
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Pleurisy / chemically induced
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Pleurisy / genetics
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Pleurisy / immunology
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Pleurisy / metabolism
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Pleurisy / pathology
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Pleurisy / prevention & control*
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Pneumonia / chemically induced
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Pneumonia / genetics
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Pneumonia / immunology
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Pneumonia / metabolism
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Pneumonia / pathology
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Pneumonia / prevention & control*
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Proanthocyanidins / pharmacology*
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Th1 Cells / drug effects
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Th1 Cells / immunology
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Th1 Cells / metabolism
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Th17 Cells / drug effects
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Th17 Cells / immunology
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Th17 Cells / metabolism
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Th2 Cells / drug effects
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Th2 Cells / immunology
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Th2 Cells / metabolism
Substances
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents
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Chemokines
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Cytokines
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Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
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Grape Seed Extract
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Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins
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Inflammation Mediators
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Proanthocyanidins
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Tnfrsf18 protein, mouse
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Carrageenan