Introduction: Preeclampsia affects 5-7% of all healthy pregnancies and is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Although the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still not fully understood, a failure of spiral artery transformation and aberrant placental vasculature are considered to be facets of this disease. Studies have also implicated increased autophagic activity. In this study, we investigated whether oxidative stress could increase autophagic activity and consequently affect trophoblast invasion and the placental vasculature.
Methods: Placentas from 18 pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and from 18 uncomplicated pregnancies, trophoblast HTR8/SVneo cell line (HTR8/SVneo) extravillous trophoblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed. The levels of autophagy markers LC3, Beclin-1 and autophagosome were quantified by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR in placental tissue, and in trophoblasts and endothelial cells that had been treated with an oxidative stress inducer glucose oxidase. Trophoblast invasion and endothelial cell tube formation were assessed in HTR8/SVneo cells or HUVECs that had been treated with glucose oxidase.
Results: The expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and autophagosome was significantly increased in placentas from pregnancies complicated by early-onset preeclampsia and in HTR8/SVneo cells and HUVECs treated with glucose oxidase. In addition, trophoblast invasion and endothelial cell tube formation were significantly reduced in HTR8/SVneo cells or HUVECs that had been treated with glucose oxidase.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that oxidative stress induces increased autophagy in trophoblasts or endothelial cells which affects trophoblast invasion and the placental vasculature. Excessive autophagic activity may be involved in the development of preeclampsia.