Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute or chronic hepatitis B. Local outbreaks of HBV infections in skilled nursing facilities is a matter of growing concern in developed countries. Here, we investigated two outbreaks of hepatitis B that recently occurred in nursing homes in Germany. The outbreak at location A was associated with acute fulminant hepatitis with fatal outcome in several cases, while individuals infected at location B developed asymptomatic or mild hepatitis B. Sequence analysis of viruses involved in these outbreaks revealed different, but unique HBV strains for each location. Each of the strains produced high viremia of more than 10(9) virions/mL serum. We found that the mild course of hepatitis B at location B was caused by a circulating wild-type HBV genotype A2 strain, which is commonly found in Central Europe. Complete genome sequences of isolates obtained from infected patients revealed nearly 100% sequence identity at the nucleotide level as well as expression of HBV e protein (HBeAg), a known T cell tolerogen in the incubation or chronic phases of HBV infection. By contrast, the outbreak at location A was associated with an HBV genotype D2 variant that lacked HBeAg expression, suggesting that immunopathology and selection of specific HBV variants played a major role in the severe (or even fulminant) acute hepatitis observed at location A. Importantly, all patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a known risk factor for healthcare-associated transmission of HBV. The study leads us to suggest that, besides strict adherence to hygiene standards, additional efforts are required to reduce the risk of HBV transmission and fulminant disease progression in healthcare settings and nursing homes. In this context, a general screening for HBsAg and active hepatitis B vaccination should be considered for people living in nursing homes, especially for those with diagnosed diabetes or other predisposing factors for HBV transmission.
Keywords: Acute hepatitis B; Core-promoter mutation; Fulminant hepatitis B; HBV; HBeAg; Outbreak; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier GmbH.