Abstract
Immune activation plays a significant role in the disease progression of HIV. Microbial products, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), contribute to immune activation. Increasing evidence indicates that T lymphocyte homeostasis disruptions are associated with immune activation. However, the mechanism by which LPS affects disruption of immune response is still not fully understood. Chronically SHIVB'WHU-infected Chinese rhesus macaques received 50 μg/kg body weight LPS in this study. LPS administration affected the virus/host equilibrium by elevating the levels of viral replication and activating T lymphocytes. LPS induced upregulation of CD8(+) naïve T cells and downregulated the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T effector memory cells. The downregulated effector memory cells are associated with a lower frequency of monofunctional and polyfunctional cells, and an upregulated programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was observed in monkeys after LPS stimulation. Our data provide new insights into the function of LPS in the immune activation in SHIV/HIV infection.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / drug effects*
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CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
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CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / pathology
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CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / drug effects*
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CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
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CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / pathology
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Chronic Disease
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Homeostasis / drug effects
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Homeostasis / immunology
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Host-Pathogen Interactions / drug effects
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate / drug effects
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Immunologic Memory / drug effects
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Interferon-gamma / genetics
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Interferon-gamma / immunology
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Interleukin-2 / genetics
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Interleukin-2 / immunology
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Interleukin-4 / genetics
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Interleukin-4 / immunology
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Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology*
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Lymphocyte Activation / drug effects*
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Macaca mulatta
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Male
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / agonists
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / genetics
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / immunology
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Signal Transduction
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Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / genetics
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Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / immunology*
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Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / pathology
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / immunology*
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / pathogenicity
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / genetics
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / immunology
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Virus Replication / drug effects
Substances
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Interleukin-2
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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Interleukin-4
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Interferon-gamma