Association of dietary patterns with anthropometric, lifestyle and socio-economic factors among women of selected communities from Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: To identify major dietary patterns and examine their association with anthropometric, lifestyle and socio-economic factors among women belonging to different communities living in Karachi.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi from June 2014 to August 2015, and comprised women of Aga Khani, Dawoodi Bohra and Memon communities. Dietary data was collected through a 108-item food frequency questionnaire and dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. Three dietary patterns were extracted: processed, mixed and traditional. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis.

Results: Of the 322 participants, 108(33.54%) belonged to the Aga Khani community, and 107(33.23%) each to Dawoodi Bohra and Memon communities. Moreover, 58(53.7%), 39(36.4%) and 25(23.4%) in the three groups, respectively, had a university degree. Besides, 44(40.7%) women belonging to the Aga Khani community were married, compared to 53(49.5%) and 37(34.6%) in Dawoodi Bohra and Memon communities. The mean factor loading for mixed food pattern was 0.24 among women of the Aga Khani community, whereas respective values for Dawoodi Bohra and Memon communities were 0.005 and -0.25. The mean factor loading for traditional pattern was 0.77 in the Dawoodi Bohra community, in contrast to -0.24 and -0.52 among women belonging to Memon and Aga Khan communities. Processed food pattern was negatively associated with age in the Aga Khani community (p<0.001) and Dawoodi Bohra community (p=0.010). Mixed food pattern was positively associated with family size in the Aga Khani community (p=0.007), with watching television for 1-3 hours (p=0.007) and higher family income in the Dawoodi Bohra community (p=0.009). Traditional food pattern depicted a positive association for watching television >1-3 hours/day (p=0.028) and total calorie consumption/day (p=0.008) in Dawoodi Bohra community. A negative trend was noted for watching television (1-3 hours/day p=0.020; >3hours/day p=0.004) and physical inactivity (p=0.039) in the Memon community.

Conclusions: Lifestyle and socio-economic variables were found to be associated with dietary patterns in all communities.