[Atypical Guillain-Barre syndrome clustering: is it necessary to reconsider the diagnostic criteria and microbiological protocol?]

Rev Neurol. 2017 May 1;64(9):407-412.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Introduction: Guillain-Barre syndrome is classically defined as a symmetrical ascending acute polyradiculoneuropathy, although there are atypical variants that make diagnosis difficult.

Case reports: The medical data of six patients in our hospital area are collected during the first quarter of 2013. Lumbar punctures, imaging, neurophysiological studies, ganglioside antibodies and serologies have been proposed in all cases. We focus on the atypical features as late hyporeflexia, increased frequency of asymmetry and distal paresis and initial fever. From a neurophysiological point of view, all patients presented sensorimotor axonal forms. The most consistent datas in early studies is the F wave's alteration. A Miller Fisher variant associated with faciocervicobraquial paresis and cerebral reversible vasoconstriction syndrome has been detected. A bilateral brachial paresis and lumbar polyradiculopathy in the context of influenza A infection is other interesting case. The saltatory variant with cranial nerve involvement and lower limbs paresis has been demonstrated in one patient. Bands in cerebrospinal fluid are positive in three cases and anti-ganglioside antibodies in one patient. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone may explain some of the hyponatremias registered. The first line of treatment are inmunoglobulins in all patients. Plasmapheresis exchanges has been used as an additional therapy in four cases.

Conclusions: These clusters of six axonal cases with atypical clinical features justifies the need for knowledge of these variants in order to achieve an early treatment. Late hyporeflexia and brachialfaciocervico, saltatory and lumbar forms should be considered in the spectrum of Guillain-Barre syndrome. The etiological study should rule out a lots of pathogens as influenza A.

Title: Agrupacion de casos de sindrome de Guillain-Barre atipico: es necesario redefinir los criterios diagnosticos y los protocolos microbiologicos?

Introduccion. El sindrome de Guillain-Barre se define clasicamente como una polirradiculopatia aguda simetrica ascendente, si bien existen variantes atipicas que dificultan el diagnostico. Casos clinicos. Se recogen las historias clinicas de seis pacientes de nuestra area hospitalaria durante el primer trimestre de 2013. Se han realizado punciones lumbares, electroneurograma-electromiograma y analiticas con autoinmunidad en todos los casos. El conjunto de la muestra destaca por la presencia de caracteristicas atipicas, como hiporreflexia tardia, mayor frecuencia de asimetria y afectacion distal, asi como fiebre inicial. Desde el punto de vista neurofisiologico, todos los pacientes presentan formas axonales de tipo sensitivomotoras y las alteraciones de la onda F son el dato mas precoz. Se identifica una variante de sindrome de Miller Fisher asociada a paresia faciocervicobraquial y sindrome de vasoconstriccion cerebral reversible. Otro caso auna las variantes de paresia braquial bilateral y polirradiculopatia lumbar en el contexto de infeccion aguda por influenza A. La variante saltatoria ha sido demostrada en otro paciente. Todos los pacientes han recibido tratamiento con inmunoglobulinas, y en dos de ellos se sumo la plasmaferesis como terapia adicional. Conclusiones. La agrupacion de seis casos axonales con caracteristicas clinicas atipicas justifica la necesidad del conocimiento de estas variantes para lograr un diagnostico y un tratamiento precoz. La hiporreflexia tardia y las formas faciocervicobraquiales, saltatorias y lumbares deben considerarse dentro del espectro del sindrome de Guillain-Barre. El estudio etiologico debe incluir el cribado de numerosos patogenos, entre los que debe incluirse el virus influenza A.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Autoantibodies / blood
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Electroencephalography
  • Electromyography
  • Female
  • Gangliosides / immunology
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / diagnosis*
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / metabolism
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / physiopathology
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / virology
  • Humans
  • Influenza A virus
  • Influenza, Human / complications
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Miller Fisher Syndrome / diagnosis
  • Neural Conduction
  • Reflex, Abnormal
  • Symptom Assessment
  • Vasoconstriction

Substances

  • Autoantibodies
  • Gangliosides