[Perinatal factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A case-control study]

Cir Pediatr. 2018 Apr 20;31(2):90-93.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to identify potential perinatal risk or protective factors associated with NEC.

Materials and methods: Single-center, retrospective case-control study of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with NEC from 2014 to 2015. Clinical charts were reviewed recording maternal factors (fever, positive recto-vaginal swab and signs of corioamnionitis or fetal distress), and neonatal factors analyzed were: birth-weight and weeks gestation, umbilical vessel catheterization, time of enteral feedings and the use of probiotics, antibiotics and antifungal agents. Cases and controls were matched for all of these factors. Parametric tests were used for statistical analysis and p < 0.05 deemed significant.

Results: We analyzed 500 newborns of which 44 developed NEC (cases) and 456 controls. Univariate analysis did not identify any maternal risk factors for NEC. We did not found statistical differences between patients either time of enteral feedings or probiotics. Nevertheless, patients with signs of fetal distress and early sepsis had a higher risk of NEC (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: Infants with history of fetal distress and signs of early sepsis are at a higher risk of NEC. The use of prophylactic catheter infection or orotracheal intubation with antifungal treatment seemed to elevate the incidence of NEC. However, antibiotic treatment couldn´t be demonstrated to increase the risk of NEC.

Objetivos: Identificar factores perinatales que favorezcan el desarrollo de enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN) en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN).

Metodos: Estudio de casos y controles de los recién nacidos (RN) tratados entre 2014-2015. Se evaluaron factores de riesgo materno-fetal (fiebre, corioamnionitis, cultivos rectovaginales y sufrimiento intrauterino) y neonatales (edad gestacional, canalización de vasos umbilicales, hemocultivos, sepsis, nutrición y probióticos) y su asociación a la ECN. Estudiamos también la existencia de tratamiento antibiótico y antifúngico intravenoso previo al cuadro de ECN. Se estimó la odds ratio con un nivel de significación p < 0,05.

Resultados: Se analizaron 500 neonatos: 44 ECN y 456 controles. En el análisis univariante ninguno de los factores de riesgo maternos se relacionó con el desarrollo de ECN. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los RN que recibieron alimentación enteral o probióticos. Los RN con sufrimiento fetal y los diagnosticados de sepsis precoz presentaron mayor riesgo de desarrollo de ECN (p < 0,0001).

Conclusion: La pérdida de bienestar fetal y la sepsis precoz favorecen el desarrollo de ECN, que también parece aumentar con el uso de antibioterapia sistémica así como el tratamiento antifúngico profiláctico para las infecciones de catéter o intubaciones orotraqueales prolongadas.

Keywords: Antibiotic; Antifungal; Necrotizing enterocolitis.

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / administration & dosage
  • Antifungal Agents / administration & dosage
  • Case-Control Studies
  • Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / epidemiology*
  • Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / etiology
  • Female
  • Fetal Distress / epidemiology*
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
  • Male
  • Pregnancy
  • Probiotics / administration & dosage
  • Protective Factors
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • Sepsis / epidemiology*

Substances

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Antifungal Agents