Cardiovascular risk is associated with a transmural gradient of myocardial oxygenation during adenosine infusion

Aims: In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), a transmural gradient of myocardial perfusion has been repeatedly observed, with the subendocardial layer showing more pronounced perfusion deficits. Oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (OS-CMR) allows for monitoring transmural changes of myocardial oxygenation in vivo. We hypothesized that OS-CMR could help identify a transmural oxygenation gradient as a disease marker in patients at risk for CAD.

Methods and results: We assessed 34 patients with known CAD and 28 subjects with coronary risk factors but no evidence of significant CAD. Results were compared with 11 healthy volunteers. OS-CMR was performed at 1.5 T, applying a T2*-weighted cine steady state free precession sequence at baseline and during infusion of adenosine. A reader blinded to patient data quantified the relative change of myocardial oxygenation in OS-CMR, defined by the change of signal intensity (ΔSI%) between baseline and during adenosine infusion in the entire myocardium, the subepicardial layer, and the subendocardial layer. SI changes were homogenous throughout the myocardium in healthy subjects, whereas both, patients with risk factors only and patients with CAD, had a significantly smaller ΔSI% in the subendocardial layer than in the subendocardial layer. Both patient groups had an overall decreased ΔSI% across all layers when compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Even in the absence of overt CAD, cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a transmural gradient of the myocardial oxygenation response to adenosine as assessed by OS-CMR. An inducible transmural oxygenation gradient may serve as a non-invasive marker for cardiovascular risk.