Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies aimed at investigating the mechanism(s) underlying vascular complications of diabetes indicate that a great number of molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of these complications. Most of these molecules are inflammatory mediators or markers generated by immune or adipose tissue. Some of them, i.e. resistin and sortilin, have been shown to be involved in the cross talk between adipocytes and inflammatory cells. This interaction is an attractive area of research, particularly in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Other proteins, such as adiponectin and visfatin, appear to be more promising as possible vascular markers. In addition, some molecules involved in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, such as klotho and FGF23, have an involvement in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy, which appears to be dependent on the degree of vascular impairment. Inflammatory markers are a promising tool for treatment decisions while measuring plasma levels of adipokines, sortilin, Klotho and FGF23 in adequately sized longitudinal studies is expected to allow a more precise characterization of diabetic vascular disease and the optimal use of personalized treatment strategies.
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Diabetes; Vascular complications.
MeSH terms
-
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / analysis
-
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / blood
-
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / immunology
-
Adipokines / analysis
-
Adipokines / blood
-
Adipokines / immunology
-
Adipose Tissue / immunology*
-
Adipose Tissue / physiopathology
-
Biomarkers / analysis*
-
Biomarkers / blood
-
C-Reactive Protein / analysis
-
C-Reactive Protein / immunology
-
Cardiovascular Diseases / blood
-
Cardiovascular Diseases / diagnosis*
-
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / blood
-
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications
-
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / physiopathology
-
Exosomes / immunology
-
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
-
Glucuronidase / analysis
-
Glucuronidase / blood
-
Glucuronidase / immunology
-
HMGB Proteins / analysis
-
HMGB Proteins / blood
-
HMGB Proteins / immunology
-
Humans
-
Immune System / immunology*
-
Immune System / physiopathology
-
Interleukin-1 / analysis
-
Interleukin-1 / blood
-
Interleukin-1 / immunology
-
Klotho Proteins
-
Osteoprotegerin / analysis
-
Osteoprotegerin / blood
-
Osteoprotegerin / immunology
-
Prevalence
-
Serum Amyloid P-Component / analysis
-
Serum Amyloid P-Component / immunology
-
Signal Transduction / immunology*
-
Signal Transduction / physiology
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / analysis
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / blood
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / immunology
Substances
-
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
-
Adipokines
-
Biomarkers
-
FGF23 protein, human
-
HMGB Proteins
-
Interleukin-1
-
Osteoprotegerin
-
Serum Amyloid P-Component
-
TNFRSF11B protein, human
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
-
PTX3 protein
-
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
-
C-Reactive Protein
-
Glucuronidase
-
Klotho Proteins
-
sortilin