The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View

Affiliations

• ¹ Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
• ³ Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
• ⁴ GE Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
• ⁶ Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL, USA.
• ⁷ Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
• ⁸ Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
• ⁹ Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
• ¹⁰ Hunter College, Department of Computer Science, New York, NY, USA.
• ¹¹ Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
• ¹² Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• ¹³ Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ¹⁴ Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• ¹⁵ Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
• ¹⁶ Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
• ¹⁷ Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle, WA, USA.
• ¹⁸ Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
• ¹⁹ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
• ²⁰ Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
• ²¹ Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• ²² Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
• ²³ School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• ²⁴ Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
• ²⁵ Departments of Medicine, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
• ²⁶ Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
• ²⁷ University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
• ²⁸ Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ²⁹ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
• ³⁰ The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.