Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine

Affiliations

• ¹ Diabetes Discovery & Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology, John W Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• ³ National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
• ⁴ Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Center for Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ⁶ Channing Division of Network Medicine and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁷ Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
• ⁹ Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
• ¹⁰ W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• ¹¹ Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy.
• ¹² Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹⁴ Berlin Institute of Gender Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
• ¹⁵ Center for Women's Health Research, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
• ¹⁶ Department of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, and Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA.
• ¹⁷ Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
• ¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.