TANK-binding kinase 1 mediates osteoclast differentiation by regulating NF-κB, MAPK and Akt signaling pathways

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) belongs to the noncanonical IκB kinase (IKK) family. The ubiquitously expressed protein is well known to play a pivotal role in innate immune response and inflammation. Although excessive inflammatory activities have been shown to affect osteoclast (OC) differentiation and function, direct relevance of TBK1 in bone turnover is not known. In this work, we specifically altered the TBK1 protein level by knocking down or overexpressing it without affecting its homologous protein IKKε expression, and demonstrated the effect of TBK1 on OC differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and RAW264.7 cells upon induction by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). TBK1 knockdown was found to markedly inhibit the OC differentiation and function, while TBK1 overexpression enhanced OC formation. Downregulation of TBK1 greatly suppressed RANKL-induced gene expression of Mmp9, Atp6v0d2, Acp5, Ctsk andNfatc1 involved in the regulation of OC formation and function in both BMM and RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that TBK1 affected the NF-κB signaling pathway as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) activation during OC differentiation. Moreover, the protein level of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was increased, and the interaction of TRAF6 with TBK1 was potentiated, by RANKL. Collectively, we provide direct evidence showing that TBK1 effectively mediates OC differentiation and function by regulating NF-κB, MAPKs and Akt signals. A TBK1-targeted therapeutic strategy may be useful for the treatment of bone-related disorders.