SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE 2

Affiliations

• ¹ Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Y.L., Jiao Zhang, Z.-Y.Y.).
• ² Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L., Jiao Zhang, L.C., Q.Y., S.W.).
• ³ Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center. Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Jiao Zhang, M. He, H.S., Y.Z., Y.C., J.Y.-J.S.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
• ⁴ Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center (C.R.S., L.A., U.M.).
• ⁵ Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (C.R.S., G.S.S.).
• ⁶ Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (H.S.).
• ⁷ Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine (M. Hepokoski, J.X.-J.Y., A.M.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
• ⁸ Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (T.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
• ⁹ Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (H.W.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
• ¹⁰ Pharmacology (Jin Zhang), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.