Distributions and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, China

This study investigated the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs and e-PAHs) in the sediments across a wide area of the Yangtze River, spanning nine cities. Fifty-seven sediment samples were collected in 2019, from which 15 t-PAHs and 11 e-PAHs were analyzed using GC-MSD. In addition, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in sediments were measured to evaluate associations with PAHs contamination. OC, TN, and their stable isotope ratios showed a wide range of site-specific contents and values, indicating high variation in contamination and sources. Concentrations of t-PAHs and e-PAHs in sediments ranged from 0.6 to 200,000 ng g^-1 dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 20,000 ng g^-1 dw, respectively. Hotspot sites located in Nanjing (PuKou), Taizhou (JingJiang), and Suzhou (ZhangJiaGang). PAHs contamination reflected land use type and human activity in the surrounding area. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling showed that, on average (n = 57), vehicle emissions were the most dominant contribution (57%), followed by petroleum (28%) and fossil fuel combustion (15%). Sites with high PAHs contamination in sediments were of severe ecological risk. Contributions to the potential risks of PAHs were most significant in the order of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The primary origin of these compounds appeared to be fossil fuel combustion. The results of this study are expected to provide useful baseline data on the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging pollutants in the sediments of the Yangtze River, China.