Integrated assessment of trypanosomosis challenge on cow health and milk based on The Gambia's agropastoralism

To improve understanding of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) and associated host-parasite relationship's challenges on cow and milk, The Gambia was examined given its enzootic status. Based on an integrated assessment framework, semi-structured questionnaires which were pre-tested and then administered in five regions were used. Relationships among the investigated variables were statistically explored with Pearson chi-square test and strength of association quantified with Phi or Cramer's V coefficient. Rough coat, eye and nose discharge, loss of appetite and weight were more consistently observed as signs of AAT in infected lactating cows. Older cows with more than three calving (75.8%) were indicated as the most susceptible and there is no fixed number of times (85.2%) a cow is treated for AAT in a year. The most commonly recognized effect (91.7%) of AAT is milk reduction. Statistically significant positive but moderate relationship exist between milk reduction and late dry season (phi coefficient of 0.221), between milk contamination and early dry season (phi coefficient of 0.226), and also between wateriness and rainy season (phi coefficient of 0.220). Milk discolouration is not statistically related to any season with highest AAT infection rates. The need for integrated assessment of veterinary challenges based on factors such as herd affiliation status, ethnic affiliation, and farmers' objectives before preventive veterinary and production interventions are designed or implemented is implied. Useful information to advance research in this direction are presented.