Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism

Robert Chen; Alfredo Berardelli; Amitabh Bhattacharya; Matteo Bologna; Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen; Alfonso Fasano; Rick C Helmich; William D Hutchison; Nitish Kamble; Andrea A Kühn; Antonella Macerollo; Wolf-Julian Neumann; Pramod Kumar Pal; Giulia Paparella; Antonio Suppa; Kaviraja Udupa

doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.06.002

Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism

Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2022 Jun 30:7:201-227. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.06.002. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Robert Chen^{1

2

3}, Alfredo Berardelli^{4

5}, Amitabh Bhattacharya⁶, Matteo Bologna^{4

5}, Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen⁷, Alfonso Fasano^{1

2

3}, Rick C Helmich⁸, William D Hutchison^{1

9}, Nitish Kamble⁶, Andrea A Kühn¹⁰, Antonella Macerollo^{11

12}, Wolf-Julian Neumann¹⁰, Pramod Kumar Pal⁶, Giulia Paparella⁵, Antonio Suppa^{4

5}, Kaviraja Udupa¹³

Affiliations

¹ Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
² Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³ Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
⁵ IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
⁶ Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
⁷ Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁸ Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
⁹ Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
¹¹ Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
¹² The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
¹³ Department of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.

Abstract

This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders. It focuses on Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. The topics covered include the pathophysiology of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, balance and gait disturbance and myoclonus in Parkinson's disease. The use of electroencephalography, electromyography, long latency reflexes, cutaneous silent period, studies of cortical excitability with single and paired transcranial magnetic stimulation, studies of plasticity, intraoperative microelectrode recordings and recording of local field potentials from deep brain stimulation, and electrocorticography are also reviewed. In addition to advancing knowledge of pathophysiology, neurophysiological studies can be useful in refining the diagnosis, localization of surgical targets, and help to develop novel therapies for Parkinson's disease.

Keywords: Bradykinesia; Deep brain stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Gait and balance; Local field potentials; Long latency reflexes; Microelectrode recording; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Tremor.

Publication types

Review