Reconstruction of the cranial vault, surgical drainage of brain abscesses, and the treatment of rhinoliquorrhea: the "Luftwaffen Lazarett 6/XVII Bad Ischl," the first neurosurgical department in Austria

The main purpose of neurosurgery during World War II was the treatment of traumatic brain injury, injuries to the spine, and injuries to peripheral nerves-mostly penetrating injuries caused by bullets or shrapnel. After heavy bombings of Berlin, in 1943 the main neurosurgical hospital was moved to Bad Ischl, a small town in the Austrian countryside. There, Wilhelm Toennis and his successor Dietrich W. Krueger made important observations treating soldiers suffering from traumatic brain injuries. During the war and also in the postwar period, they focused on techniques for the reconstruction of the cranial vault, the treatment of brain abscesses by drainage instead of extirpation, and also the treatment of rhinoliquorrhea due to frontobasal trauma. Their approaches were sometimes contradictory to the standard of care of the times. Nevertheless, many of the principles of the techniques described are still practiced by today's neurosurgeons.