Intracellular recordings were made from ventral anterior and ventral lateral (VA-VL) thalamic neurons in the cat. VA-VL neurons were tested for responsiveness to activation of cortical, pallidal and cerebellar afferents, and were identified morphologically by intracellular injection of HRP. Orthodromic activation of cortical and pallidal afferents produced primarily an initial inhibition (due in part to oligosynaptic circuitry) while activation of cerebellar afferents produced an initial excitation in the majority of neurons tested. Antidromic activation of thalamocortical relay neurons was observed in 32% of the neurons tested. Neurons showing short latency responses to activation of globus pallidus-entopeduncular nucleus and cerebellar peduncle were concentrated in the medical and ventral portions of the VA-VL complex, respectively. Neurons showing short latency responses to activation of the neocortex were located throughout the entire extent of the VA-VL complex. Only 3% of the neurons tested showed short-latency convergence of cortical, pallidal and cerebellar afferents. In contrast, 53% of neurons tested showed long latency triple convergence. Eight VA-VL neurons were stained intracellularly with HRP. Based on dendritic morphology, the labeled neurons were separated into two types: a stellate type with dendrites that spread radially from the soma, and a fusiform type with dendrites that were oriented mainly parallel to the long axis of the soma. Both types of neuron were aspiny although the dendrites of the stellate cells exhibited short appendages.