Purpose: We report an analysis of minimal residual/detectable disease (MRD) as a predictor of outcome in previously untreated patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) from the randomized, multicenter GALLIUM (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01332968) trial.
Patients and methods: Patients received induction with obinutuzumab (G) or rituximab (R) plus bendamustine, or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP) or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (CVP) chemotherapy, followed by maintenance with the same antibody in responders. MRD status was assessed at predefined time points (mid-induction [MI], end of induction [EOI], and at 4-6 monthly intervals during maintenance and follow-up). Patients with evaluable biomarker data at diagnosis were included in the survival analysis.
Results: MRD positivity was associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) at MI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.03 [95% CI, 2.07 to 4.45]; P < .0001) and EOI (HR, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.53 to 3.32]; P < .0001). MRD response was higher after G- versus R-chemotherapy at MI (94.2% v 88.9%; P = .013) and at EOI (93.1% v 86.7%; P = .0077). Late responders (MI-positive/EOI-negative) had a significantly poorer PFS than early responders (MI-negative/EOI-negative; HR, 3.11 [95% CI, 1.75 to 5.52]; P = .00011). The smallest proportion of MRD positivity was observed in patients receiving bendamustine at MI (4.8% v 16.0% in those receiving CHOP; P < .0001). G appeared to compensate for less effective chemotherapy regimens, with similar MRD response rates observed across the G-chemo groups. During the maintenance period, more patients treated with R than with G were MRD-positive (R-CHOP, 20.7% v G-CHOP, 7.0%; R-CVP, 21.7% v G-CVP, 9.4%). Throughout maintenance, MRD positivity was associated with clinical relapse.
Conclusion: MRD status can determine outcome after induction and during maintenance, and MRD negativity is a prerequisite for long-term disease control in FL. The higher MRD responses after G- versus R-based treatment confirm more effective tumor cell clearance.