The Evaluation of Virtual Reality Neuroanatomical Training Utilizing Photorealistic 3D Models in Limited Body Donation Program Settings

Background Neuroanatomy is one of the most complex areas of anatomy to teach to medical students. Traditional study methods such as atlases and textbooks are mandatory but require significant effort to conceptualize the three-dimensional (3D) aspects of the neuroanatomical regions of interest. Objectives To test the feasibility of human anatomy teaching medical students in a virtual reality (VR) immersive environment using photorealistic three-dimensional models (PR3DM) of human anatomy, in a limited anatomical body donation program. Methods We used surface scanning technology (photogrammetry) to create PR3DM of brain dissections. The 3D models were uploaded to VR headsets and used in immersive environment classes to teach second-year medical students. Twenty-eight medical students (mean age 20.11, SD 1.42), among which 19 females (n=28/67.9%) and nine males (n=28/32.1%), participated in the study. The students had either none or minimal experience with the use of VR devices. The duration of the study was three months. After completing the curriculum, a survey was done to examine the results. Results The average rating of the students for their overall experience with the method is 4.57/5 (SD=0.63). The "Possibility to study models from many points of view" and "Good Visualization of the models" were the most agreed upon advantages, with 24 students (n=28, 85.7%), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.6643, 0.9532]. The limited availability of the VR headsets was the major disadvantage as perceived by the students, with 11 students (n=28, 39.3%), 95% CI [0.2213, 0.5927] having voted for the option. The majority of the students (25) (n=28, 89.2%, SD=0.31) agreed with the statement that the use of VR facilitated their neuroanatomy education. Conclusion This study shows the future potential of this model of training in limited cadaver dissection options to provide students with modern technological methods of training. Our first results indicate a prominent level of student satisfaction from VR training with minimum negative reactions to the nature of headsets. The proof of concept for the application of photorealistic models in VR neuroanatomy training combined with the initial results of appreciation among the students predisposes the application of the method on a larger scale, adding a nuance to the traditional anatomy training methods. The low number of headsets used in the study limits the generalization of the results but offers possibilities for future perspectives of research.