The first complete T2T Assemblies of Cattle and Sheep Y-Chromosomes uncover remarkable divergence in structure and gene content

Res Sq [Preprint]. 2024 Apr 3:rs.3.rs-4033388. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4033388/v1.

Abstract

Reference genomes of cattle and sheep have lacked contiguous assemblies of the sex-determining Y chromosome. We assembled complete and gapless telomere to telomere (T2T) Y chromosomes for these species. The pseudo-autosomal regions were similar in length, but the total chromosome size was substantially different, with the cattle Y more than twice the length of the sheep Y. The length disparity was accounted for by expanded ampliconic region in cattle. The genic amplification in cattle contrasts with pseudogenization in sheep suggesting opposite evolutionary mechanisms since their divergence 18MYA. The centromeres also differed dramatically despite the close relationship between these species at the overall genome sequence level. These Y chromosome have been added to the current reference assemblies in GenBank opening new opportunities for the study of evolution and variation while supporting efforts to improve sustainability in these important livestock species that generally use sire-driven genetic improvement strategies.

Publication types

  • Preprint

Grants and funding

This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, award number USDA-NIFA-2021-67016-33416 and Hatch grant no. IDA01566 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. SK and AR are supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH).