Impact of Climate Change on Reproductive Health and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Climate change has emerged as a significant global health challenge, with growing evidence linking environmental factors to adverse reproductive health outcomes. The primary objective of this review is to assess the effects of climate change-driven environmental factors, such as air pollution and temperature extremes, on reproductive health outcomes, including fertility rates, miscarriage, preterm birth, and congenital anomalies. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was conducted until July 2024. Studies included in the review were observational, experimental, and randomized controlled trials that reported quantitative data on reproductive outcomes in relation to climate-related environmental exposures. A total of 49 studies were selected for qualitative synthesis. The review found that increased exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), extreme temperatures, and proximity to traffic were consistently associated with reduced fertility, increased risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Adverse effects were particularly pronounced among vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women of lower socioeconomic status and those living in disaster-prone areas. The studies also highlighted potential transgenerational effects, with prenatal exposure to environmental stressors influencing the long-term health of offspring. The findings underscore the urgent need for public health interventions and policies to mitigate environmental exposures that negatively impact reproductive health. Future research should focus on longitudinal and interventional studies to establish causal relationships and inform effective public health strategies.