Abstract
Diabetes mellitus can be subdivided into several categories based on origin and clinical characteristics. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). T1D and T2D are chronic diseases affecting around 537 million adults worldwide and it is projected that these numbers will increase by 12% over the next two decades, while GDM affects up to 30% of women during pregnancy, depending on diagnosis methods. These forms of diabetes have varied origins: T1D is an autoimmune disease, while T2D is commonly associated with, but not limited to, certain lifestyle patterns and GDM can result of a combination of genetic predisposition and pregnancy factors. Despite some pathogenic differences among these forms of diabetes, there are some common markers associated with their development. For instance, gut barrier impairment and inflammation associated with an unbalanced gut microbiota and their metabolites may be common factors in diabetes development and progression. Here, we summarize the microbial signatures that have been linked to diabetes, how they are connected to diet and, ultimately, the impact on metabolite profiles resulting from host-gut microbiota-diet interactions. Additionally, we summarize recent advances relating to promising preventive and therapeutic interventions focusing on the targeted modulation of the gut microbiota to alleviate T1D, T2D and GDM.
Keywords:
Type 1 diabetes; fermented foods; gestational diabetes; gut barrier; gut dysbiosis; gut microbiota; probiotic; short-chain fatty acid; type 2 diabetes.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Bacteria / classification
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Bacteria / genetics
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Bacteria / isolation & purification
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Bacteria / metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / microbiology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / microbiology
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Diabetes, Gestational* / metabolism
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Diabetes, Gestational* / microbiology
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Diabetes, Gestational* / prevention & control
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Diet
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Female
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Gastrointestinal Microbiome*
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Humans
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Pregnancy
Grants and funding
This work was supported by Enterprise Ireland and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number [847402] awarded to EGG who was also funded by a Beatriz Galindo scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Universities [BG22/00060]. Research in the group of PDC is funded through Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number [SFI/12/RC/2273] (APC Microbiome Ireland), and SFI together with the Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, [SFI/16/RC/3835] (VistaMilk), by the Enterprise Ireland funded Food Health Ireland project and by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 program under grant numbers [101060218] (DOMINO) and [101084642] (Co-Diet). RSdS is a recipient of a Miguel Servet contract from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), CP23/00026, co-funded by the European Union. LM is funded by the grant PID2020-117569RA-I00 and Grant [CNS2022-135505] funded by [MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033] and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This research was supported by CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red [CB07/08/0002], Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.