Individuals faced extraordinary challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, psychosocial strengths may promote individuals' adjustment during times of challenge. Positive self-perceptions of aging (SPA) have been found to predict a variety of health and well-being indicators outside the context of the pandemic. In the present study, we examined SPA (measured prior to the pandemic) as a prospective predictor of COVID-19-related behavior, adaptation, and functioning in a sample of 3,620 adults (Mage = 65.88; 61.1% women; 65.4% White) from the 2016 to 2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Linear regressions revealed that more positive SPA in 2016 were associated with a higher likelihood of socially distanced behavior (β = .07, p < .001), less worry (β = -.27, p < .001), less stress (β = -.24, p < .001), less loneliness (β = -.27, p < .001), and greater positive functioning (β = .20, p < .001) during the first year of the pandemic (2020). Confounding variables explained SPA's associations with preventive behavior and (to an extent) socially distanced behavior. Findings support SPA theories, suggesting linkages between SPA and flexible, adaptive behaviors and outcomes in the face of external challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).