Marine floating debris, particularly chemically stable plastics, poses a significant global environmental concern. These materials, due to their prevalence and durability, linger on the ocean surface for extended durations, inflicting considerable harm on marine ecosystems, life, and the food chain. The traditional methodology for investigating marine floating debris mainly uses field observations, which are time-consuming, laborious, and constrained in observational scope. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more effective methodologies, such as remote sensing, to monitor marine floating debris, which will be of great significance for enhancing the management of their pollution. In this study, we employ controlled experiments and theoretical model simulations to investigate the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) of two common types of floating plastic debris, specifically polyvinyl chloride (PVC) buoys and polypropylene (PP) bottles. Our analysis reveals distinct Rrs(λ) spectral characteristics for each type of plastic debris, differing significantly from that of the background water. Furthermore, both PVC buoys and PP bottles exhibit a similar absorption valley in the short-wave infrared region, with its depth increasing alongside the plastic coverage. Based on these findings, we develop a novel floating plastic index (FPI) and a corresponding retrieval model for estimating the coverage of floating plastic debris. Validation with simulated data and measurements from control experiments shows good performance of the retrieval model with high inversion accuracy, demonstrated by the values of the coefficient of determination, mean percentage error, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error of 0.97, -0.3%, 17.5%, and 3.98%, respectively, for the experimentally measured dataset. Our research provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for remote sensing retrieval of the coverages of floating PVC and PP plastics, as well as offers valuable insights for the analysis of other floating debris types in future studies.