Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate the CT appearance of four cases of acute terminal ileitis induced by nontyphoidal Salmonella and Shigella infection and to review the radiographic and endoscopic findings of these entities.
Method: The medical records, CT examinations, and small bowel examinations of three patients with Salmonella ileitis and one patient with Shigella ileitis were retrospectively reviewed. CT examinations were done in four patients, colonoscopy in three patients, and small bowel examinations in two patients. Stool cultures established the diagnosis of nontyphoidal Salmonella enteritis in three patients and Shigella enteritis in one patient. The patients' symptoms and clinical findings resolved promptly following supportive therapy and appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Results: CT showed slight circumferential and homogeneous thickening of the terminal ileum over a segment of 10-15 cm in patients with Salmonella ileitis. Associated mild thickening of the wall of the colon was present in addition. Small bowel examination performed in one patient revealed a spastic terminal ileum with thickened mucosal folds. Colonoscopy revealed acute colitis involving the colon diffusely in one case, but sparing the distal 50 cm of the colon in one case. CT showed more pronounced thickening of the terminal ileum and a target configuration in the patient with Shigella ileitis. Small bowel examination revealed narrowing, irregular contour, several large nodular defects (thumbprinting), and a severely ulcerated mucosa affecting the terminal ileum. Colonoscopy revealed a normal colon and large ulcerations with fibropurulent exudate in the terminal ileum.
Conclusion: In patients with severe Salmonella or Shigella infections or persistent and/or confusing clinical presentations, CT can play a complementary but important role in the initial diagnostic evaluation. It avoids clinical mismanagement, circumvents unnecessary invasive procedures, and contributes to the efficient workup and therapy in this group of individuals.