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'''Тамбора''' — исчезнувшее поселение и название [[археологическая культура|археологической культуры]]. Поселение существовало на острове [[Сумбава]] и было полностью уничтожено [[Лава|лавой]] и [[Пирокластический поток|пирокластическими потоками]] в результате катастрофического извержения в апреле [[1815 год]]а [[стратовулкан]]а [[Тамбора]]. В поселении проживало около 10 тысяч жителей.
'''Tambora''' is a lost village and culture on [[Sumbawa Island]] buried by [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[pyroclastic flow]]s from the massive [[1815]] eruption of [[Mount Tambora]]. The village had about 10,000 residents. Scientists unearthing the site have discovered [[ceramic]] pots, [[bronze]] bowls, [[glass]] bottles, and homes and villagers buried by ash in a manner similar to that of [[Pompeii]]. Scientists believe the customs and language of the culture were wiped out. The culture was visited by western explorers shortly before its demise. They are believed to have traded with [[Indochina]], as their [[pottery]] resembles that found in [[Vietnam]].
В результате раскопок обнаружена керамическая посуда, бронзовые чаши, стеклянные бутылки, дома и останки людей, погребённых под [[вулканический пепел|вулканическим пеплом]], подобно тому, как это было в [[Помпеи|Помпеях]]. Сведения об обычаях и языке местных поселенцев почти не сохранились — западные исследователи познакомились с ней лишь за несколько лет до её исчезновения. Известен лишь один короткий список слов [[Тамборский язык|тамборского языка]]. Предполагается, что тамборцы торговали с Индокитаем, поскольку во Вьетнаме обнаружена керамика сходного типа.
== 2004 work ==
In summer 2004, a team from the [[University of Rhode Island]], the [[University of North Carolina at Wilmington]], and the Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology, led by [[Haraldur Sigurdsson]], began an [[excavation|archaeological dig]] in Tambora.<ref> http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=3467</ref> Over six weeks, the team unearthed the first evidence of a lost culture that had been obliterated by the Tambora eruption. The site is located about 25 km (15.5 mi) west of the caldera, deep in the jungle, 5 km (3 mi) from the shore. The team had to cut through a deposit of volcanic pumice and ash 3 m (10 ft) thick.
== См. также ==
The team used a [[ground-penetrating radar]] to locate a small buried house. They excavated the house, where they found the remains of two adults, as well as bronze bowls, ceramic pots, iron tools and other artifacts. The design and decoration of the artifacts have similarities with artifacts from [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref> http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=3467</ref> Tests conducted using a carbonization technique revealed they were composed of [[charcoal]] formed by the heat of the [[magma]]. The people and the house are preserved as they were in 1815. Sigurdsson dubbed it the ''[[Pompeii]] of the East''.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title='Pompeii of the East' discovered|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748902.stm|date=28 February 2006|accessdate= 2006-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Bloomberg Asia|title=Indonesian Volcano Site Reveals ‘Pompeii of the East’ (Update1)|url= http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=agqrX3FIpeQU&refer=asia|date=28 February 2006| accessdate=2006-10-09}}</ref> Based on the artifacts found, which were mainly [[bronze]] objects, the team concluded that the people were not poor. Historical evidence indicates that people on Sumbawa island were known in the [[East Indies]] for their [[honey]], [[horses]]<ref>Jong Boers, B.D. de (2007), ‘The ‘Arab’ of the Indonesian Archipelago:
* [[Тамборский язык]]
The Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa’ in: Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart (eds), Breeds of Empire: The ‘invention’ of the horse in Southern Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia, 1500—1950. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, pp 51-64.
</ref>, [[sappan wood]] for producing red [[dye]]<ref>Jong Boers, B.D. de (1997), ‘Sustainability and time perspective in natural resource
management: The exploitation of sappan trees in the forests of Sumbawa, Indonesia (1500—1875)’, in: Peter Boomgaard, Freek Colombijn en David Henley (eds), Paper landscapes; Explorations in the environmental history of Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 260—281.
</ref>, and [[sandalwood]] used for [[incense]] and medications.<ref name="URI">{{cite press release|title=URI volcanologist discovers lost kingdom of Tambora|publisher=[[University of Rhode Island]]|date=2006-02-27|url=http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=3467|accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> The area was thought to be highly productive agriculturally.
The archaeological findings suggest that there was a culture on Sumbawa that was wiped out by the 1815 eruption. The title ''Lost Kingdom of Tambora'' was coined by media.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=National Geographic|title= ‘Lost Kingdom’ Discovered on Volcanic Island in Indonesia|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0227_060227_lost_kingdom.html |date=27 February 2006|accessdate=2006-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|title='Lost kingdom' springs from the ashes|date=1 March 2006|accessdate=2006-10-09|url= http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/01/healthscience/snvolc.php}}</ref> With this discovery, Sigurdsson had planned to return to Tambora in 2007 to search for the rest of the villages, and hopefully to find a palace.<ref name="URI"/>
== Примечания ==
{{reflist}}
== Ссылки ==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/indonesia/Story/0,,1720404,00.html Guardian article]
{{Indonesia-hist-stub}}
[[Категория:Археология в Индонезии]]
[[Категория:АрхеологическиеДоисторическая культуры АзииИндонезия]]
[[Категория:Стихийные бедствия]]
[[en:Tambora (lost culture)]]
[[id:Tambora (kebudayaan yang hilang)]]
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