Японо-рюкюские языки: различия между версиями

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{{Яз-группа
{{Яз-группа
|цвет = ЯР
|название = Японо-рюкюские языки
|название = Японо-рюкюские языки
|прародина =
|прародина =
|таксон = ветвь / семья
|таксон = семья
|статус =
|статус =
|ареал = [[Япония]]
|ареал = [[Япония]]
|число носителей = около 125 млн.
|число носителей = около 125 млн
|исчезла =
|исчезла =
|категория = [[Языки Евразии]]
|категория = [[Языки Евразии]]
|классификация =
|классификация =
|делится на = 2 ветви
[[Алтайские языки]] (гипотеза)
|делится на = 2 группы
|время распада =
|время распада =
|процент совпадений =
|процент совпадений =
|ISO5=jpx
|ISO5=jpx
}}
}}
'''Японо-рюкюские''' ('''японские''') языки — семья языков на [[Японский архипелаг|Японском архипелаге]] и на островах [[Рюкю]]. Генетические связи с другими языковыми семьями окончательно не выяснены. Существует гипотеза о принадлежности японских языков к [[Алтайские языки|алтайской семье]].
'''Япо́но-рюкюские (япо́нские) языки́''' — семья языков на [[Японский архипелаг|Японском архипелаге]] и на островах [[Рюкю]]. Генетические связи с другими языковыми семьями не установлены. Происходят от общего предка — [[праяпонский язык|праяпонского языка]].


== Состав ==
== Состав ==
[[Файл:Japanese dialects-en.png|альт=Карта распространения японо-рюкюских языков.|мини|279x279пкс|Карта распространения японо-рюкюских языков]]

В состав семьи входят:
В состав семьи входят:
* [[японский язык]] (日本語)
* [[японский язык]]
** хоккайдский диалект
** хоккайдский диалект
** [[кансайский диалект]]
** [[кансайский диалект]]
** восточные диалекты — северо-восточная часть [[Хонсю|о. Хонсю]]
** восточные диалекты — северо-восточная часть острова [[Хонсю]]
** западные диалекты — западная часть [[Хонсю|о. Хонсю]] и [[Сикоку|о. Сикоку]]
** западные диалекты — западная часть островов Хонсю и [[Сикоку]]
** южные диалекты — [[Кюсю|о. Кюсю]]
** южные диалекты — остров [[Кюсю]] и [[Рюкю]]ский архипелаг
** [[идиом]] [[Хатидзё (диалект)|хатидзё]] — острова [[Хатидзё (остров)|Хатидзё]] и [[Аогасима (остров)|Аогасима]], а также острова [[Острова Бородино|Дайто]]<ref>{{книга|автор=Pellard T.|заглавие=The comparative study of the Japonic languages. Approaches to endangered languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization|ссылка=https://hal.science/hal-01856152/document|место=Tachikawa|издательство=National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics|год=2018|archive-date=2023-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228084003/https://hal.science/hal-01856152/document}}</ref>
* [[рюкюские языки]] (琉球語)
* [[рюкюские языки]]{{sfn|Pellard|2009}}:
** [[амами-окинавский язык]]
** [[севернорюкюские языки]]
*** [[амамийское наречие]] — о-ва Амами
*** [[окинавское наречие]] — о-ва Окинава
*** [[амамийский язык|амамийские языки]] — о-ва Амами
** [[сакисимский язык]] — острова [[Сакисима]]
**** [[осима (язык)|осима]] — остров [[Осима (остров)|Осима]]
**** [[Токуносима (язык)|токуносима]] — остров Токуносима
** [[миякоское наречие]] — о-ва Мияко
**** [[окиноэрабу (язык)|окиноэрабу]] — остров [[Окиноэрабудзима]]
*** [[яэямское наречие]] — о-ва Яэяма
** [[йонагунский язык]] (ёнагуни) — о. [[Йонагуни]]
**** [[ёрон (язык)|ёрон]] — остров [[Йорондзима]]
*** окинавские языки — о-ва Окинава
**** [[Кунигамское наречие|северноокинавское (кунигамское) наречие]]
**** [[окинавский язык|южноокинавское наречие]]
** [[южнорюкюские языки]]
*** миякоские языки:
**** [[миякоское наречие]] — о-ва Мияко
**** тарамское наречие — о-ва [[Тарама (остров)|Тарама]] и Минна
*** макрояэямские языки:
**** [[яэямское наречие]] — о-ва Яэяма
**** [[ёнагунский язык]] (ёнагуни) — остров [[Йонагуни (остров)|Йонагуни]]


Спорным является вопрос о принадлежности к японской ветви вымершего [[когурёский язык|когурёского языка]] (иногда включается в [[корейские языки|корейскую ветвь]]).
Спорным является вопрос о принадлежности к японской ветви вымершего [[когурёский язык|когурёского языка]] (иногда включается в [[корейские языки|корейскую ветвь]]).


== Примечания ==
<!-- ==Классификация==
{{примечания}}
The '''classification of the [[Japonic languages]]''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]) is unclear. The group is traditionally considered to consist of dialects of a single [[language isolate]].


== Литература ==
The possibility of a [[genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]] to the [[Goguryeo language|Goguryeo]] (Koguryŏ) language has the most currency. Goguryeo itself may be related to [[Korean language|Korean]], and a Korean-Japonic grouping is widely considered.
* {{книга|автор=Michinori Shimoji, Thomas Pellard|заглавие=An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages|ссылка=https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/2015-papers-and-presentations-An_introduction_to_Ryukyuan_languages.pdf|язык=en|место=Токио|издательство=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa|год=2010|isbn=9784863370722}}

* {{статья|автор=Thomas Pellard|заглавие=Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages|ссылка=https://namakajiri.net/misc/why_ryukyuan_important-pellard.eals.pdf|язык=en|издательство=Oxford University|год=2009|ref=Pellard}}
Independent of the question of the Korean-Japonic subgrouping, both the Japonic languages and Korean are sometimes included in the [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] and hypothetical [[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]] proposals by proponents of these [[Macrofamily|linguistic macrofamilies]].

==Koguryoic hypothesis==
{{see|Goguryeo language}}
The Japanese-Koguryoic proposal dates back to [[Shinmura Izuru]]'s (1916) observation that the attested Goguryeo numerals, 3, 5, 7, and 10, were very similar to Japanese. The hypothesis proposes that Japanese is a relative of the [[extinct language]]s spoken by the Buyeo-Goguryeo cultures of [[Korea]], southern [[Manchuria]], and [[Liaodong]]. The best attested of these is the language of [[Goguryeo]], with the more poorly-attested [[Buyeo languages]] of [[Baekje]] and [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]] believed to also be related.

Supporters of this theory do not include modern Korean as part of that family because it is thought to have derived from the [[Silla language]] and it has been shown that the Korean and Buyeo-Goguryeo languages share only a few [[lexical items]], which are typical cultural loanwords.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

A recent monograph by [[Christopher Beckwith]] (2004) has now established that there are about 140 lexical items in the Goguryeo [[text corpus|corpus]] alone. They mostly occur in place name collocations, many of which include grammatical morphemes (including [[cognate]]s of the Japanese genitive [[marker (linguistics)|marker]] ''no'' and the Japanese adjective-attributive [[morpheme]] -''sa'') and a few of which reveal [[syntax|syntactical]] relationships. The majority of the identified Goguryeo corpus, including all the grammatical morphemes, are clearly related to Japanese. Most discussion of this theory now centers on arguments about the identity of the speakers of the language recorded as Goguryeo, but so far the identification of the language with the Goguryeo people, which agrees with the ancient Chinese accounts, has been shown to be the most secure historically and linguistically (Beckwith 2006a, 2006b).

==Korean hypothesis==
{{see|Proto-Korean}}
[http://www.eai.cam.ac.uk/Aston-and-Korea.pdf William George Aston] suggested in 1879 in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' that Japanese is related to Korean. A relationship between Japanese and Korean was endorsed by the Japanese scholar Shōsaburō Kanazawa in 1910. Some other scholars took this position in the twentieth century (Poppe 1965:137). Substantial arguments in favor of a Japanese-Korean relationship were presented by [[Samuel Martin (linguist)|Samuel Martin]], a leading specialist in Japanese and Korean, in 1966 and in subsequent publications (e.g. Martin 1990). Other linguists advocating this position include [http://web.mit.edu/lsa2005/people/bios/whitman.html John Whitman] (1985) and Barbara E. Riley (2004), and [[Sergei Starostin]] with his lexicostatistical research ''The Altaic Problem and the Origins of the Japanese Language'' (Moscow, 1991). A Japanese-Korean connection does not necessarily exclude a Japanese-Koguryo or Altaic relationship.

The possible lexical relationship between Korean and Japanese can be briefly exemplified by such basic vocabulary items, see table below and Martin 1966.

{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
! colspan="14" | Comparison with Japanese
|- align="center"
! [[Old Japanese language|Old Japanese]]
! [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
! meaning　
! [[Middle Korean language|Mid-Korean]]
! [[Korean language|Korean]]
! meaning
|-
|''midu''||''mizu''|| water |||''myr'' ||''mul''|| water
|-
|''midu''||''mizu''|| water |||''mos''||''mot''|| pond
|-
|''ki'', ''ku'', ''ko''||''ki(te)'', ''ku(ru)'', ''ko(nai)''|| to come |||''ga-''||''ga-'' || to go
|-
|''kata-''||''kata-''|| to be hard |||''gut-''||''gut-''|| to be hard
|-
|''wi-''||''i-''|| to sit (Old Japanese)<br>to be (in a certain place, said of an animate being) |||''i-'' (after a consonant-final root) ~ zero (after a vowel-final root)||''i-'' (after a consonant-final root) ~ zero (after a vowel-final root)|| to be ([[copula (linguistics)|copula]])
|-
|''naɸ-''||''na-''|| to be not |||''ani''||''ani'', ''an''|| not
|-
|''mïna''||''mina''|| all, everyone |||''man-hɔ-''||''manh-''|| to be many, to be much
|-
|''kasa''||''kasa''|| wide-brimmed hat, sombrero<br>umbrella, parasol |||''gat''||''gat''|| traditional Korean top hat
|-
|}

The same possible cognates are often observed in other members of the potential [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] family, especially among the [[Tungusic languages]]. Compare, for instance, Nanai ''muke'' "water"; ''giagda-'' "to walk on foot"; ''anaa, anna'' "not" (from [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Calt%5Ctunget Starostin's database]).

Next to similarities in basic vocabulary, the hypothesis is also based on a high degree of typological and grammatical similarity, almost obvious to anyone familiar with both languages (Beckwith 2004).

Some critics of this hypothesis (such as [[Alexander Vovin]]) claim that there are difficulties in establishing exact phonological laws and that Japanese and Korean have few shared innovations. There are also drastic differences between the native Korean and Japanese number systems.

The idea of a Japanese-Korean relationship overlaps with the extended form of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] hypothesis (see below), but not all scholars who argue for one also argue for the other. For example, Samuel Martin, who was a major advocate of a Japanese-Korean relationship, only provided cautious support to the inclusion of these languages in Altaic, and Talat Tekin, an Altaicist, includes Korean in Altaic but not Japanese (Georg et al. 1999:72, 74).

==Altaic hypothesis==
According to its proponents, [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] is a language family consisting at a minimum of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]], and Tungusic. [[Gustaf John Ramstedt|G.J. Ramstedt's]] ''Einführung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft'' ('Introduction to Altaic Linguistics') in 1952–1957 included Korean in Altaic. [[Roy Andrew Miller]]'s ''Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages'', published in 1971, included Japanese in Altaic as well. The most important recent work in favor of this expanded Altaic family is ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages'' (3 volumes) by Sergei Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (2003).

The Altaic family is by no means generally accepted, either in its core form of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic or its expanded form of Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese. The best-known critiques are those of [[Gerard Clauson]] (1956) and Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1988). Currently active critics include [[Stefan Georg]] and Alexander Vovin.

Evidence for this grouping mostly lies in claimed correspondences in vocabulary, as shown in the following table, although attempts have been made to reconstruct a number of suffixes.

{| class="wikitable" |
!Japanese
!Turkish
!English gloss
!notes
|-
|''ii/いい''
|''iyi''
|"good"
|
|-
|''mizu/水''
|''su''
|"water"
|
|-
|''yama/山''
|''yamaç''
|"mountain"
|Turkish ''yamaç'' actually means the hillside of the mountain.
|-
|''nan/何''
|''ne''
|"what"
| cf. Ainu ''ne'' (interrogative stem) as in ''nep'' "what" and ''nen'' "who(m)," Mandarin Chinese ''nǎ'' "which," Korean ''nugu'' "who(m)"
|-
|''ishi/石''
|''tash''
|"stone"
|
|-
|''yo/四''
|''dört''
|"four"
|
|-
|''kura/鞍''
|''kürtün''
|"saddle"
|
|-
|''yak-''
|''ya(k)-''
|"to burn"
|Turkish ''yak-'' is exclusively transitive ("to burn (it)", "to light (it) on fire"); intransitive counterpart is ''yan-''
|-
|''kir-''
|''kır-''
|"to cut"
|Turkish ''kır-'' actually means "to break; to split, to chop (wood); to fold; to destroy, to break (resistance, pride, desire, etc.); to reduce (price); to offend, to hurt": cf. Turkish ''kırma'', the deverbal noun derived from the verb ''kır-'': "a pleat, a fold; folding, collapsible; groats; hybrid, mongrel". Turkish ''kes-'' is more specifically "to cut".
|-
|''inu/犬''
|''it''
|"dog"
|cf. [[Manchu language|Manchu]] ''indahŭn'', Nanai ''ida'', Ainu ''seta'', Chinese "zodiacal dog" 戌 *''zyüt'', [[Jeju dialect|Jeju]] "puppy" ''gaŋsæŋi''
|-
|''kuro/黒''
|''kara''
|"black"
|cf. Ainu ''kur'' "shadow", *''kur-ne'' > ''kunne'' "black; dark"
|-
|''kura-''
|''karar-''
|"to be dark"
|
|-
|''e/へ''
|''-(y)e''
|"to"
|In Turkish, "-(y)e" is an inflection particle at the end of the some words which add same meaning as does destination indicator e in Japanese.(e.g. göl-e; mizuumi e)
|-
|''sore/それ''
|''şu''
|"that"
|
|}

These examples come from Starostin's [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&basename=\data\alt\altet database], which contains a comprehensive list of comparisons and hypothetical Altaic [[etymology|etymologies]].

==Nostratic and Eurasiatic macrofamilies==
{{see|Eurasiatic languages|Nostratic}}
Suggestions of connections to Japanese, Altaic and Dravidian were made by [[Hermann Jacobi]] in 1897 (''Compositum und Nebensatz,'' pp.&nbsp;106–131), who further noted structural similarities to [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref>[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pies03.html Proto-Indo-European Syntax: 3.1. Attributive Modifiers], Winfred P. Lehmann</ref>

[[Joseph Greenberg]] (2000–2002) argued for the inclusion of Japanese in his proposed Eurasiatic language family. In contrast to Sergei Starostin, he rejected the inclusion of Korean in Altaic. According to Greenberg, Japanese-Ryukyuan, Korean, and [[Ainu language|Ainu]] form a separate subgroup within Eurasiatic.

Like other language classifications of Greenberg's, the Eurasiatic family is often attacked on the ground that it is based on "mass lexical comparison"; however, this is a fictitious method. Greenberg's own terminology was originally "[[mass comparison]]", which he later changed to "multilateral comparison"; from his first use of it in the 1950s on, it always involved comparison of grammatical formatives as well as of lexical items, along with considerable attention to [[linguistic typology|typologically]] probable paths of [[sound change]] (cf. Greenberg 2005).

In contrast to Greenberg, many historical linguists remain convinced that systematic phonological reconstruction is necessary to establish genetic relationship between languages, and consequently reject the Eurasiatic hypothesis.

==Other==
*A more rarely encountered hypothesis is that Japanese is related to the [[Dravidian languages]]. The possibility that Japanese might be related to Dravidian was raised by [[Robert Caldwell]] (cf. Caldwell 1875:413). A relationship between Japanese and Dravidian has more recently been advocated by the Japanese scholars [[Susumu Shiba]], [[Akira Fujiwara]], and [[Susumu Ōno]] (n.d., 2000).
*The phonological similarities and geographical proximity of Japanese to the [[Austronesian languages]] have led to the theory that Japanese may be a kind of very early [[creole language]], with an [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] [[superstratum]] and an Austronesian [[substratum]], or vice versa including [[Eskimo-Aleut languages]] influence.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
*One of the less accepted theories is that Japanese is a purely Austronesian language.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
*Some Japanese linguists such as [[Nishida Tatsuo]] consider Japanese to be related to the [[Tibeto-Burman]] languages.

== See also ==
*[[Linguistic reconstruction]]
*[[Korean language]]
*[[Ainu language]]
*[[Altaic languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Works cited ===
* Aston, William George. 1879. "A comparative study of the Japanese and Korean languages." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Britain and Ireland, New Series'' 11, 317-364.
* Beckwith, Christopher I. 2004. ''Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Beckwith, Christopher I. 2006a. "Methodological observations on some recent studies of the early ethnolinguistic history of Korea and vicinity." ''Altai Hakpo'' 16, 199-234.
* Beckwith, Christopher I. 2006b. [http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal(02-2)(2).pdf "The ethnolinguistic history of the early Korean peninsula region: Japanese-Koguryoic and other languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla kingdoms."] (page 33 ff.) ''Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies'' 2.2, 34-64.
* Caldwell, Robert. 1875. ''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages'', second edition. London: Trübner.
* Georg, Stefan, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell. 1999. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D36A55C4A29AEB34AA39715F46F706.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=17033 "Telling general linguists about Altaic."] ''Journal of Linguistics'' 35, 65-98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000–2002. ''Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family'', 2 volumes. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005. ''Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method'', edited by William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Kanazawa, Shōsaburō. 1910. ''The Common Origin of the Japanese and Korean Languages.'' Tokyo: Sanseidō.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1966. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/411687 "Lexical evidence relating Korean to Japanese."] ''Language'' 12.2, 185-251.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1990. "Morphological clues to the relationships of Japanese and Korean." In ''Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology'', edited by Philip Baldi. Berlin: de Gruyter.
* Miller, Roy Andrew. 1971. ''Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Ōno, Susumu. n.d. [http://arutkural.tripod.com/tolcampus/jap-tamil.htm "The genealogy of the Japanese language: Tamil and Japanese."]
* Ōno, Susumu. 2000. 日本語の形成. 岩波書店. ISBN 4000017586.
* Poppe, Nicholas. 1965. ''Introduction to Altaic Linguistics.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Riley, Barbara E. 2003. ''Aspects of the Genetic Relationship of the Korean and Japanese Languages.'' PhD thesis, University of Hawaii.
* Starostin, Sergei A. 1991. ''Altajskaja problema i proisxoždenie japonskogo jazyka'', 'The Altaic Problem and the Origin of the Japanese Language'. Moscow: Nauka.
* Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages'', 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill. (Also: [http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps23.php?lan=en database version.])
* Trombetti, Alfredo. 1922-1923. ''Elementi di glottologia'', 2 volumes. Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli.
* Vovin, Alexander. 2003. 日本語系統論の現在：これからどこへ 'The genetic relationship of the Japanese language: Where do we go from here?'. In 日本語系統論の現在 'Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language', edited by Alexander Vovin and Toshiki Osada. Kyoto: International Center for Japanese Studies. ISSN 1346-6585.
* Whitman, John Bradford. 1985. ''The Phonological Basis for the Comparison of Japanese and Korean.'' PhD thesis, Harvard University.

=== Further reading ===
* Katsumi, Matsumoto. 2007. 世界言語のなかの日本語 ''Sekaigengo no nakano Nihongo'', 'Japanese in the World's Languages'. Tokyo: 三省堂 Sanseido.
* Lewin, Bruno. 1976. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/132059 "Japanese and Korean: The problems and history of a linguistic comparison."] ''Journal of Japanese Studies'' 2.2, 389-412.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1968. "Grammatical elements relating Korean to Japanese." In ''Proceedings of the Eighth Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences'' B.9, 405-407.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1975. "Problems in establishing the prehistoric relationships of Korean and Japanese." In ''Proceedings, International Symposium Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of Korean Liberation.'' Seoul: National Academy of Sciences.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1991. "Recent research on the relationships of Japanese and Korean." In ''Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages'', edited by Sydney M. Lamb and E. Douglas Mitchell. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Martin, Samuel E. 1996. ''Consonant Lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic Question.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
* Miller, Roy Andrew. 1980. ''Origins of the Japanese Language: Lectures in Japan during the Academic Year 1977-78''. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
* Miller, Roy Andrew. 1996. ''Languages and History: Japanese, Korean and Altaic.'' Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture.
* Robbeets, Martine. 2004a. [http://www.hmn.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/eurasia/newsletter/08.pdf "Belief or argument? The classification of the Japanese language."] ''Eurasia Newsletter'' 8. Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University.
*Robbeets, Martine. 2004b. [http://www.orientalistik.uni-mainz.de/robbeets/2004_Swadesh_100.pdf "Swadesh 100 on Japanese, Korean and Altaic."] Tokyo University Linguistic Papers, TULIP 23, 99–118.
* Robbeets, Martine. 2005. ''Is Japanese related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Robbeets, Martine. 2007. "How the actional suffix chain connects Japanese to Altaic." ''Turkic Languages'' 11.1, 3-58.
* Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1930. "Die Beziehungen der austrischen Sprachen zum Japanischen", 'The connections of the Austric languages to Japanese'. ''Wiener Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik'' 1, 239-51.-->


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[[bat-smg:Japuonu kalbas]]
[[bg:Японски езици]]
[[br:Yezhoù japanek]]
[[ca:Llengües japòniques]]
[[cs:Japonsko-rjúkjúské jazyky]]
[[de:Japanisch-Ryūkyū]]
[[en:Japonic languages]]
[[es:Lenguas japónicas]]
[[fi:Japanilaiset kielet]]
[[fr:Langues japoniques]]
[[ga:Teangacha Seapónacha]]
[[gl:Linguas xapónicas]]
[[hr:Japanski jezici]]
[[it:Lingue nipponiche]]
[[ja:日本語族]]
[[ko:일본어족]]
[[lt:Japonų kalbos]]
[[mk:Јапонски јазици]]
[[ms:Bahasa-bahasa Japonik]]
[[nl:Japanse talen]]
[[nn:Japansk-ryukyu-språk]]
[[no:Japoniske språk]]
[[oc:Lengas japonicas]]
[[pt:Línguas japônicas]]
[[ro:Limbi japonice]]
[[th:ตระกูลภาษาญี่ปุ่น]]
[[tt:Япон-рюкю телләре]]
[[uk:Японсько-рюкюські мови]]
[[ur:جاپانائی زبانیں]]
[[vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Nhật Bản]]
[[zh:日本－琉球语系]]

Текущая версия от 07:43, 7 мая 2024

Японо-рюкюские языки
Таксон семья
Ареал Япония
Число носителей около 125 млн
Классификация
Категория Языки Евразии
азиатские языки[вд]
японо-рюкюские языки
Состав
2 ветви
Коды языковой группы
ISO 639-2 —
ISO 639-5 jpx

Япо́но-рюкюские (япо́нские) языки́ — семья языков на Японском архипелаге и на островах Рюкю. Генетические связи с другими языковыми семьями не установлены. Происходят от общего предка — праяпонского языка.

Состав

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Карта распространения японо-рюкюских языков.
Карта распространения японо-рюкюских языков

В состав семьи входят:

Спорным является вопрос о принадлежности к японской ветви вымершего когурёского языка (иногда включается в корейскую ветвь).

Примечания

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  1. ↑ Pellard T. The comparative study of the Japonic languages. Approaches to endangered languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization. — Tachikawa: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, 2018. Архивировано 28 февраля 2023 года.
  2. ↑ Pellard, 2009.

Литература

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Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Японо-рюкюские_языки&oldid=137640777