Zee Kin Yeong

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a topic that has caught the world's attention in recent years, not least in the last six months when generative AI took the internet by storm. Accolades of its usefulness are quickly followed by cautions over the harm that AI poses. When we think of this harm, some speak of existential risks and job displacement. Artificial general intelligence is still very much in the realm of theory and philosophy when considering the latest generation of large language models… Mehr zeigen

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a topic that has caught the world's attention in recent years, not least in the last six months when generative AI took the internet by storm. Accolades of its usefulness are quickly followed by cautions over the harm that AI poses. When we think of this harm, some speak of existential risks and job displacement. Artificial general intelligence is still very much in the realm of theory and philosophy when considering the latest generation of large language models (LLMs), despite how some might subjectively feel that they are sentient. Technological job displacement is real but, historically, took place over years, if not decades.

Retracting our focus from the horizon, we cannot ignore the clear and present harm posed by the AI systems we use daily. These broadly emanate from bias and discrimination and, with generative AI, harm that flows from the ease of creation and dissemination of deepfakes and misinformation. Depending on its nature, harm posed by AI systems can affect individuals or groups of individuals, such as a segment of customers or a section of the public. Furthermore, while we often discuss harm in the context where it is the use of AI that may result in harm, we should also consider whether harm may arise from omission. That is, there may be circumstances where harm may arise from a decision not to use AI. Yeong Zee Kin, from the Singapore Academy of Law, discusses regulations surrounding AI and how data protection principles could help minimize the risks of harm. Weniger anzeigen

The digital economy is an integral part of our daily lives. We spend a significant amount of our time on social media services, e-commerce marketplaces and other online apps and platforms, but how much do we know about the policies and regulations that keep us safe and businesses honest? Additionally, the ubiquity of data-driven technologies, such as online search services, digital advertising and artificial intelligence, has prompted the need for regulations to safeguard consumer interests and… Mehr zeigen

The digital economy is an integral part of our daily lives. We spend a significant amount of our time on social media services, e-commerce marketplaces and other online apps and platforms, but how much do we know about the policies and regulations that keep us safe and businesses honest? Additionally, the ubiquity of data-driven technologies, such as online search services, digital advertising and artificial intelligence, has prompted the need for regulations to safeguard consumer interests and expectations of privacy. As data is also an asset and important input for innovation and competitiveness, business-to-business tensions over access to and use of data are starting to froth.

Academy Publishing's upcoming new title Technology Regulation in the Digital Economy covers:
- How telecommunications regulations ensure that the communications infrastructure simply works
- How net neutrality laws ensure that digital infrastructure is accessible to all businesses and end users who need to get online
- How online intermediaries that provide online platform services are regulated in order to support competition and innovation, while ensuring that public spaces are safe for consumers and children
- How data – that key output from our online activity – is regulated so that cross-border transfers can take place
- How data can be used to provide better business-to-consumer products, increase business efficiency and improve customer experience
- How the access to and use of data are undergoing increasing regulation under international and domestic laws Weniger anzeigen

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the primary challenges, opportunities and regulatory developments associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the financial sector. It will show that, while AI has the potential to promote a more inclusive and competitive financial system, the increasing use of AI may bring certain risks and regulatory challenges that need to be addressed by regulators and policymakers.

Open banking is a silent revolution transforming the banking industry. It is the manifestation of the revolution of consumer technology in banking and will dramatically change not only how we bank, but also the world of finance and how we interact with it. Since the United Kingdom along with the rest of the European Union adopted rules requiring banks to share customer data to improve competition in the banking sector, a wave of countries from Asia to Africa to the Americas have adopted various… Mehr zeigen

Open banking is a silent revolution transforming the banking industry. It is the manifestation of the revolution of consumer technology in banking and will dramatically change not only how we bank, but also the world of finance and how we interact with it. Since the United Kingdom along with the rest of the European Union adopted rules requiring banks to share customer data to improve competition in the banking sector, a wave of countries from Asia to Africa to the Americas have adopted various forms of their own open banking regimes. Among Basel Committee jurisdictions, at least fifteen jurisdictions have some form of open banking, and this number does not even include the many jurisdictions outside the Basel Committee membership with open banking activities. Although U.S. banks and market participants have been sharing customer-permissioned data for the past twenty years and there have been recent policy discussions, such as the Obama administration's failed Consumer Data Privacy Bill and the Data Aggregation Principles of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, open banking is still a little-known concept among consumers and policymakers in the States. This book defines the concept of 'open banking' and explores key legal, policy, and economic questions raised by open banking. Weniger anzeigen

This primer by experts in their respective fields offers students and practitioners an overview of the relevant technologies, a survey of their impact on the content of law today, and a window into future issues that may arise – as well as some of the potential solutions. The text is meant to be accessible to students and practitioners, as well as to interested laypersons. The authors have strived to be clear and avoid unnecessary jargon – simple, but not simplistic.

Highly automated systems are becoming omnipresent. They range in function from self-driving vehicles to advanced medical diagnostics and afford many benefits. However, there are assurance challenges that have become increasingly visible in high-profile crashes and incidents. Governance of such systems is critical to garner widespread public trust. Governance principles have been previously proposed offering aspirational guidance to automated system developers; however, their implementation is… Mehr zeigen

Highly automated systems are becoming omnipresent. They range in function from self-driving vehicles to advanced medical diagnostics and afford many benefits. However, there are assurance challenges that have become increasingly visible in high-profile crashes and incidents. Governance of such systems is critical to garner widespread public trust. Governance principles have been previously proposed offering aspirational guidance to automated system developers; however, their implementation is often impractical given the excessive costs and processes required to enact and then enforce the principles. This Perspective, authored by an international and multidisciplinary team across government organizations, industry and academia, proposes a mechanism to drive widespread assurance of highly automated systems: independent audit. As proposed, independent audit of AI systems would embody three ‘AAA’ governance principles of prospective risk Assessments, operation Audit trails and system Adherence to jurisdictional requirements. Independent audit of AI systems serves as a pragmatic approach to an otherwise burdensome and unenforceable assurance challenge. Weniger anzeigen

Data and databases are central to the ongoing development and use of AI-enabled systems and technologies. At the same time, concerns remain regarding individuals' control over the use of their data by third parties. Against that backdrop, this report considers whether key data-related laws in Singapore currently operate effectively to promote the beneficial production of, and access to, databases, while also protecting individual rights.

In particular, the report addresses: (a) who… Mehr zeigen

Data and databases are central to the ongoing development and use of AI-enabled systems and technologies. At the same time, concerns remain regarding individuals' control over the use of their data by third parties. Against that backdrop, this report considers whether key data-related laws in Singapore currently operate effectively to promote the beneficial production of, and access to, databases, while also protecting individual rights.

In particular, the report addresses: (a) who controls or has rights over the ‘big data’ databases that underpin AI technologies, including whether new, standalone intellectual property protections for databases are needed; and (b) how to ensure that those who contribute data to databases retain appropriate control over and/or access to that data, including whether to create a new right of ownership of data. Weniger anzeigen

The object of this article is to discuss the legal issues faced by companies when they embark on incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) technology into their work processes or to power functions in their products or services. To facilitate discussion of the issues, the article will take the perspective of a buyer of AI technology and services in the main, although the perspectives of suppliers of such technology and services will be discussed where relevant. The ensuring discussion is also… Mehr zeigen

The object of this article is to discuss the legal issues faced by companies when they embark on incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) technology into their work processes or to power functions in their products or services. To facilitate discussion of the issues, the article will take the perspective of a buyer of AI technology and services in the main, although the perspectives of suppliers of such technology and services will be discussed where relevant. The ensuring discussion is also relevant when an organisation undertakes the deployment of AI technology through its in-house IT department, because some of the technology (and possibly data) may be sourced externally. Weniger anzeigen

The current interest in blockchain technology can be attributed in large part to the immutability of blockchain records. While this is not an essay about how blockchain works, a brief description of how blocks of transactional records are created and chained provides a necessary introduction to its defining feature.

Zee Kin Yeong considers the developments in electronic discovery in Singapore since issuing of the practice directions on 30 July 2009 as Practice Direction Number 3 of 2009.