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Bingenlik Hildegard: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Qator 1:
{{Shaxsiyat bilgiqutisi
'''Bingenlik Hildegard''' (germancha ,talaffuzi: [ˈhɪldəɡaʁt fɔn ˈbɪŋən] lotinchada talaffuzi: [ˈhɪldəɡaʁt fɔn ˈbɪŋən]1098 - 17 sentabr 1179-yil), shuningdek, '''Avliyo Hildegard''' va '''Rin Sibil''' nomlari bilan mashhur.Hildegard ''Benediktin abbas va polymath'' nemis bo'lib, u o'rta asrlarda ''[[Yozuvchi|yozuvchi,]] [[kompozitor]], filosof, mistik, vizyoner va tibbiyot soahasida asarlar yozgan va ushbu sohada amaliyotchi'' sifatida ham tanilgan.U muqaddas <u>monofoniya</u>ning eng taniqli [[kompozitor]]<nowiki/>laridan biri bo'lib,yangi tarixda eng ko'p qayd etilgan kishilardan biridir.,U bir qator olimlar tomonidan [[Germaniya]]<nowiki/>da ilmiy tabiiy tarix asoschisi deb hisoblanadi.
| ismi = Bingenlik Hildegard
| tasvir = Hildegard von Bingen.jpg
| tasvir_eni = 220px
| izoh = Hildegard portreti
| tavallud_sanasi = 1098-yil
| tavallud_joyi = Bermersheim, Sponheim
| vafot_sanasi = {{vafot sanasi |1179|09|17|1098}}
| vafot_joyi = Rupertsberg, Bingen
| fuqaroligi = Nemis
| taʼlimi =
| kasbi = Yozuvchi, bastakor, faylasuf, tibbiyotchi, mistik
| dini = Xristianlik
| faoliyat_yillari =
| asarlari = "Scivias", „Liber Vitae Meritorum“, „Liber Divinorum Operum“, „Physica“, „Ordo Virtutum“
| turmush_oʻrtogʻi =
| otasi = Hildebert
| onasi = Mechtild
| mukofotlari = Cherkov doktori (2012)
}}
 
'''Bingenlik Hildegard''' (1098-yil – 1179-yil 17-sentyabr) – nemis yozuvchisi, bastakori, [[faylasuf]] olima.<ref name="Bennett, Judith M 2001">Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.</ref> U oʻzining keng qamrovli bilimlari, jumladan, din, botanika, musiqa va tibbiyot sohasidagi asarlari bilan mashhurdir. Shu bilan bir qatorda Hildegard oʻz davrining eng yirik diniy shaxslaridan biri hisoblanadi.<ref name="post97">{{Cite news |last=Worl |first=Gayle |date=1997-03-09 |title=WOMEN OF HISTORIC NOTE |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/03/09/women-of-historic-note/259adb97-9eaf-41ef-94e7-d92b7ca54f04/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
Hildegardni [[:en:Disibodenberg|"Disibodenberg]] "dagi monastr uni 1136-yilda magistra (Oliy,muqaddas, avliyo ona) etib sayladi. U 1150-yilda [[Ruppertsberg|Rupertsberg]] va 1165-yilda [[Elbingen|Eibingen]] monastirlarini tashkil etdi. Hildegard [[ilohiyot]], [[botanika]] va [[tibbiyot]]<nowiki/>ga oid asarlarni yozgan, shuningdek, [[:en:Liturgy|liturgiya]] uchun xatlar, [[:en:Hymn|sanolar]] va [[:en:Antiphon|antifonlar]] ham yozgan.Bundan tashqari u she'rlar yozgan va o'zining birinchi asari Sciviasning [[Ruppertsberg|Rupertsberg]] qo'lyozmasida miniatyura [[:en:Illumination_(manuscript)|illuminatsiyalarin]]<nowiki/>i boshqargan Hildegardning butun o'rta asrlardagi boshqa bastakorlarga qaraganda ko'proq saqlanib qolgan qo'shiqlari bor va u musiqa va ularga so'zlarni yozgan kam sonli bastakorlardan biridir. Uning "Ordo Virtutum" nomli asarlaridan biri liturgik dramalarning qadimgi namunasidir va ehtimol eng qadimgi saqlanib qolgan axloqiy drama.U yana Lingua Ignota deb nomlangan tilni ixtiro qilganligi uchun taniqli.
 
Uning rasmiy kanonizatsiyasi tarixi murakkab bo'lsa-da, Rim-katolik cherkovining mintaqaviy kalendarlari uni asrlar davomida avliyo sifatida sanab o'tgan. 2012 yil 10 mayda Rim papasi Benedikt XVI "ekvivalent kanonizatsiya" deb nomlanuvchi jarayonda Hildegardning liturgik kultini butun katolik cherkoviga kengaytirdi". 2012-yil 7-oktabrda u "hayotning muqaddasligi va ta’limotining o‘ziga xosligini e’tirof etib, unga cherkov doktori unvonini berdi.
 
== Biografiyasi ==
Hildegard 1098-yilda [[Bermersheim]] shahrida, [[Aristokratlar|aristokrat]] oilasida dunyoga kelgan. Uning ota-onasi Hildebert va Mechtild oʻz davrining ziyoli insonlar boʻlib, [[Sponheim]] qiroli bilan yaqin boʻlishgan. Hildegard yoshligidan sogʻligʻi bilan bogʻliq muammolarni boshdan kechiradi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jöckle |first=Clemens |title=Encyclopedia of Saints |publisher=Konecky & Konecky |year=2003 |page=204}}</ref> Ota-onasi uni dindor hayotga bagʻishlash uchun Disibodenberg monastiriga joʻnatishadi. 1136-yilda, Hildegard Disibodenberg monastirida abbatisalik (rahbar ayol monax) unvoniga ega boʻldi. Uning rahbarligi ostida monastir katta diniy markazga aylandi. 1150-yilda u [[Ruppertsberg|Rupertsberg]], 1165-yilda esa [[Eisingen (Bavariya)|Eibingen]] monastirlariga asos soladi.<ref>Campbell, Olivia, ''[https://daily.jstor.org/abortion-remedies-medieval-catholic-nun/ Abortion Remedies from a Medieval Catholic Nun(!)]'', [[JSTOR Daily]], October 13, 2021</ref>
Hildegard 1098-yillar atrofida tug'ilgan. Uning ota-onasi Merxheim-Nahetning Mechtild va Bermersheimning Hildebert edi, ular Sponheimning Count Meginhard xizmatiga kirgan erkin pastroq tabaqadagi aristokratlar oilasi edi.Hildegard tug'ilganidan boshlab kasal bo'lganligi ota-onasi uni eng kichik va o'ninchi bolalari deb hisoblashadi ,lekin uning o'zidan yetti katta opasi borligi haqida qo'lyozmalar ham mavjud. Hildegard o'zining Vita kitobida juda yoshligidan boshlab,qanday taassurotlar, kechinmalarni boshidan kechirganini yozib qoldirgan.
 
== ManbalarFaoliyati ==
Hildegard oʻzining ilohiy vizyonlari haqida yozgan bir necha asarlar yaratdi. Eng mashhurlari orasida '''"Scivias"''', '''"Liber Vitae Meritorum"''', va '''"Liber Divinorum Operum"''' nomli asarlari bizgacha yetib kelgan. Ushbu asarlarida Hildegard insoniyatning ruhiy ahvoli, tabiatning xilma-xilligi va ilohiy kuchning taʼsirini tasvirlaydi. U tomonidan yozilgan musiqiy asarlar orasida monofonik qoʻshiqlar va liturgik dramalar mavjud.<ref name="Burkholder, J. Peter 2006">Burkholder, J. Peter, Claude V. Palisca, and Donald Jay Grout. 2006. Norton anthology of western music. New York: W. W. Norton.</ref> Uning '''"Ordo Virtutum"''' asari qadimgi axloqiy dramalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Hildegard musiqa yaratishda diniy va ilohiy mavzularni birlashtirib, oʻziga xos uslubni rivojlantirgan. Hildegardning tabiiy fanlar va tibbiyot sohasidagi asarlari ham eʼtiborga molik. Uning '''"Physica"''' va '''"Causae et Curae"''' nomli asarlarida oʻsimliklar, hayvonlar va minerallar haqida batafsil maʼlumotlar berilgan, ularning shifobaxsh xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan.<ref>''Jutta & Hildegard: The Biographical Sources'', trans. Anna Silvas (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 278–79.</ref> Hildegard shifobaxsh oʻsimliklar va tabiiy davolash usullari haqida koʻplab amaliy tavsiyalar bergan, bu esa uni oʻz zamonasining tibbiyotchisi sifatida tanitgan. Hildegard '''"Lingua Ignota"''' nomli yangi til yaratdi. Bu til haqida juda oz maʼlumot saqlanib qolgan.<ref>Fiona Bowie, Oliver Davies. ''Hildegard of Bingen: An Anthology''. SPCK 1990. Some sources note younger siblings, specifically Bruno.</ref>
{{refbegin}}
* "Un lexique trilingue du XIIe siècle : la lingua ignota de Hildegarde de Bingen", dans ''Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge-Renaissance), Actes du colloque international organisé par l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-IVe Section et l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l'Université Catholique de Louvain'', Paris, 12–14 juin 1997, éd. J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111.
* "'Sibyl of the Rhine': Hildegard's Life and Times." ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998.
* "Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation." ''Church History'' 54 (1985): 163–75.
* "Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ? La Vita domnae Juttae (XIIe siècle)", ''Bulletin de la société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest'', 5e série, t. XV, 3e et 4e trimestres 2001, pp. 181–97.
* ''Die Gesänge der Hildegard von Bingen. Eine musikologische, theologische und kulturhistorische Untersuchung.'' Olms, Hildesheim 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-487-11845-1}}.
* ''Hildegard von Bingen. Leben – Werk – Verehrung.'' Topos plus Verlagsgemeinschaft, Kevelaer 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-8367-0868-5}}.
* ''Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
* ''Tugenden und Laster. Wegweisung im Dialog mit Hildegard von Bingen.'' Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-87071-287-7}}.
* ''Wege in sein Licht. Eine spirituelle Biografie über Hildegard von Bingen.'' Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-87071-293-8}}.
* Bennett, Judith M. and C. Warren Hollister. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317.
* Boyce-Tillman, June. "Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman." ''The Musical Times'' 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36.
* Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. ''Hildegard of Bingen: A Spiritual Reader''. Massachusetts: Paraclete Press, 2007.
* Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. "Music and Performance: Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum." ''The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies''. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1992.
* Dietrich, Julia. "The Visionary Rhetoric of Hildegard of Bingen." ''Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historic Women''. Ed. Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 202–14.
* Fassler, Margot. "Composer and Dramatist: 'Melodious Singing and the Freshness of Remorse.'" ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998.
* Flanagan, Sabina. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6uGAgAAQBAJ ''Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life'']. London: Routledge, 1989.
* Fox, Matthew. ''Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen''. New Mexico: Bear and Company, 1985.
* Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, "Glossae Hildigardis", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., ''Die Althochdeutschen Glossen'', vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390–404.
* Furlong, Monica. ''Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics''. Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996.
* Glaze, Florence Eliza. "Medical Writer: 'Behold the Human Creature.'" ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998.
* Holsinger, Bruce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=G-41n_wuTj0C ''Music, Body, and Desire In Medieval Culture'']. California: Stanford University Press, 2001.
* Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt. ''A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen''. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden: Brill, 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004260719_015 Notes on Hildegard's "Unknown" Language and Writing].
* King-Lenzmeier, Anne. ''Hildegard of Bingen: an integrated version''. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2001.
* Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age''. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
* Madigan, Shawn. ''Mystics, Visionaries and Prophets: A Historical Anthology of Women's Spiritual Writings''. Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 1998.
* McGrade, Michael. "Hildegard von Bingen." ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik'', 2nd edition, T. 2, Volume 8. Edited by Ludwig Fischer. Kassel, New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994.
* Moulinier, Laurence, ''Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg''. Enquête sur l'œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde, Paris/Saint-Denis, Publications de la Sorbonne-Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995, 286 p.
* [[Barbara Newman|Newman, Barbara]]. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998.
* Richert-Pfau, Marianne and Stefan Morent. ''Hildegard von Bingen: Klang des Himmels''. Koeln: Boehlau Verlag, 2005.
* Richert-Pfau, Marianne. "Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia." ''Sonus'' 11 (1990): 53–71.
* Salvadori, Sara. ''Hildegard von Bingen. A Journey into the Images''. Milan: Skira, 2019.
* Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997.
* [[Barbara Stühlmeyer|Stühlmeyer, Barbara]]. ''Die Kompositionen der Hildegard von Bingen. Ein Forschungsbericht.'' In: ''Beiträge zur Gregorianik.'' 22. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, {{ISBN|978-3-930079-23-0}}, S. 74–85.
* ''The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen.'' Internet. Available from [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html Internet History Sourcebooks Project]; accessed 14 November 2009.
* Underhill, Evelyn. ''Mystics of the Church.'' Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925.
{{refend}}
 
== TashqiIlmiy saytlarMerosi ==
Hildegard oʻrta asrlarda oʻzining diniy, madaniy va ilmiy merosi bilan katta iz qoldirdi. U ilohiyot, musiqa, tibbiyot va til sohalaridagi bilimlari bilan nafaqat oʻz davrida, balki keyingi asrlarda ham mashxurlikka erishadi. [[Rim Katolik cherkovi|Rim-katolik cherkovida]] Hildegard asrlar davomida avliyo sifatida hurmat qilinib kelingan.<ref>Michael McGrade, „Hildegard von Bingen“, in ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik,'' 2nd edition, T.2, Vol. 8, ed. Ludwig Fischer (Kassel and New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994).</ref> 2012-yilda Rim papasi [[Benedikt XVI]] Hildegardni cherkov doktori unvoni bilan sharafladi. Hozirda Hildegardning asarlari oʻrta asrlarning diniy va madaniy merosini oʻrganishda muhim manba sifatida koʻriladi.<ref>Pope Benedict XVI, [https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20121007_ildegarda-bingen.html Apostolic Letter Proclaiming Saint Hildegard of Bingen, professed nun of the Order of Saint Benedict, a Doctor of the Universal Church], 7 October 2012.</ref>
 
== Manbalar ==
* [http://www.abtei-st-hildegard.de/ Abtei St. Hildegard] / St. Hildgard abbey (Germaniya Eibingen shahridagi zamonaviy abbey)
* Bibliografiyalar:
**  
** Bingenlik Hildegardning adabiyotlari va uning haqidabilanGermaniya Milliy kutubxonasikatalog
** Bingenlik Hildegard haqida adabiyotlar mavjudbilanHessiyalik bibliografiya
** Bingenlik Hildegardning va uning haqidagi asarlarbilanDeutsche Digitale Bibliothek (Alman raqamli kutubxonasi)
* Inglizcha tarjimalar:
** [https://www.academia.edu/7395812/Hildegard_of_Bingen_An_Explanation_of_the_Athanasian_Creed_Explanatio_Symboli_Sancti_Athanasii_ "Atanasiy diniga oid tushuntirish" (''Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii'')]
** [https://www.academia.edu/3597758/Hildegard_of_Bingen_Book_of_Divine_Works_Part_I_Vision_1 "Xudojo'y ishlar kitobi" (''Liber Divinorum Operum'') I.1]
** [https://www.academia.edu/5545465/Hildegard_of_Bingen_Book_of_Divine_Works_Part_III_Vision_3 "Xudojo'y ishlar kitobi" (''Liber Divinorum Operum'') III.3]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060302194245/http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/hild/hildp Hildegardning she'ri va ibodatlari]
** [http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~young/trnintro.html Yosh, Abigail Ann. Rupert, Hildegard va Gemblouxning Gibert tarjimalari. 1999. 2006 yil 27 mart.] 7 noyabr 2009 kuni "Wayback Machine"da arxivga olinganArxivga olingan7 noyabr 2009 yildaWayback mashinasi
*  
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html Hildegardning o'rta asr tarixida sahifasi]
* [http://www.hildegard-society.org/ Xalqaro Hildegard fon Bingen tadqiqotlari jamiyati] (ISHBS)
* Musiqiy ish:
** [http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/composers/hildegard.html To'liq diskografiya medieval.org-da]
** Bingenlik Hildegardning bepul musiqalaribilanXalqaro musiqa sonlari kutubxonasi loyihasi (IMSLP)
** Bingenlik Hildegardning bepul musiqalaribilanChoraviy ommaviy maktab (Xora Wiki)
** [https://augsburg.academia.edu/ChristianMcGuire Makguyer, K. Christian. Simfonika Karitatis: Hildegard fon Bingenning sistersiyn qo'shiqlari (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082831/http://www.schnitzler-aachen.de/Modellbau/Bingen/Rup.html Rupertsbergdagi monastirning tiklanishi]
[[Turkum:1179-yilda vafot etganlar]]
[[Turkum:1098-yilda tugʻilganlar]]
"https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingenlik_Hildegard" dan olindi