Moeen Ali’s second Test century (155no) had provided the bulk of England’s first innings effort.
But the tourists' reply got off to the worst start possible in the third over when Anderson bowled opener Dimuth Karunaratne round his legs.
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Ali was unbeaten when England’s innings was eventually declared two short of 500.
The tourists squandered a competitive position at 310-6 overnight with both Chris Woakes, who shared a partnership of 92 runs with Ali for the seventh wicket, and Steve Finn, who helped to add 72 for the ninth, lending their support.