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Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dogworthy and Captain James Ross Key at the family plantation Terra Rubra on August 1, 1779 in Frederick, Maryland. His father was a lawyer, judge, and officer in the Continental Army and his great grandparents Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner where both born in England and immigrated to America in 1726. Francis graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis in 1796. During the War of 1812 Key was on board the British ship HMS Tomnant; he witnessed the bombarding of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on the night of September 13-14, 1814. When the smoke cleared Francis saw an American flag still waving and was inspired to write the poem "The Defense of Fort McHenry." This poem was first published in the Patriot on September 20, 1814. It was subsequently set to the melody of composer John Stafford Smith's composition "To Anacreon in Heaven" and has gone on to be internationally known as "The Star-Spangled Banner." "The Star-Spangled Banner" was adopted as the American anthem by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and further confirmed as such by a Congressional resolution signed by President Herbert Hoover in 1931. Moreover, the stanza "In God is Our Trust" was adopted as the national motto by law in 1956. From 1817 to 1843 Key served as the Vice President of the American Bible Society. In 1832 he served as the attorney for Congressman Sam Houston during his trial in the U.S. House of Representatives for assaulting another Congressman. Francis published a prose work entitled "The Power of Literature and Its Connection to Religion" in 1834. In 1835 Francis prosecuted Richard Lawrence for his unsuccessful attempt at assassinating President Andrew Jackson. He was married to Mary "Polly" Tayloe Lloyd and was the father of nine children. Key died of pleurisy at age 63 on January 11, 1843 in Baltimore, Maryland.- Music Department
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Joseph Lanner was born on 12 April 1801 in Vienna, Austria. He was a composer, known for The Blues Brothers (1980), Only One Night (1939) and Waltz War (1933). He died on 14 April 1843 in Oberdöbling, Austria.- Hölderlin grew up in a pietistic family environment. From 1784 to 1788 he was a student at the monastery schools in Denkendorf and Maulbronn. He then studied philosophy and theology at the Tübingen monastery. There he met Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, with whom he temporarily shared a room. In 1790 he founded a poets' association with Christian Ludwig Neuffer and Rudolf Magenau. In the Tübingen monastery, the ideas of the French Revolution were enthusiastically received, just as the political and theological situation in the country was met with rejection. During his time at the monastery, Hölderlin studied the works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, Plato, Friedrich Schiller, Benedictus de Spinoza and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, which strongly influenced his thinking.
In 1790, Hölderlin received his doctorate in philosophy. In 1793 he completed his consistory examination. Nevertheless, he did not choose the spiritual profession because being a writer was closer to his heart. In order to realize this, he took on a number of court master positions to earn a living. Friedrich Schiller gave him a position as court master with the von Kalb family in Waltershausen, which Hölderlin held from 1793 to 1795. He then moved to Jena and attended lectures by the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. From 1796 to 1798 he was court master for the Frankfurt banking family Jakob Friedrich Gontard. Hölderlin fell in love with the banker's wife, Susette Gontard. She found her way into Hölderlin's poetry as Diotima. This period was the most productive in the poet's life.
When an argument with the banker arose because of his affection for Susette Gontard, Hölderlin left Frankfurt and went to Homburg. There he stayed with his friend Isaac von Sinclair, the highest official in the county, from 1798 to 1800. He then stayed briefly in Stuttgart and Nürtingen and then in 1801 took on two more court master positions in Hauptwil in Switzerland and in Bordeaux in France. In 1802 he returned to Germany. The first signs of Hölderlin's mental illness became noticeable. During a period of improvement, larger poems were written. Isaak von Sinclair got him a job as a librarian in Homburg. In 1806 his health deteriorated significantly and the poet had to go to a clinic in Tübingen for treatment.
The following year he was discharged as incurable. Hölderlin had become in need of care. Master carpenter Ernst Zimmer from Tübingen took over the care of the patient. The poet lived with him in a tower-like annex for 36 years in mental confusion. During his lifetime, Hölderlin only published the Sophocles translation, a few lyrical works and the novel "Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece (1797-1799). Due to the few publications, he remained largely unknown to his contemporaries. Hölderlin's view of the comprehensive unity of life as a contrast to the disunity of the present. For this ideal of man and society he chose ancient Greece, which he elevated to the future age with divine unity.
The poet tried to regain the loss of unity through human reflection through his poetry. In his work, pantheism and Christian doctrine confront each other, the synthesis of which the poet was no longer able to carry out in detail due to his illness. But Hölderlin also dealt strongly with this unity and wholeness of man, nature and gods in his lyrical works. Hölderlin's lyrical expression was based on ancient models. In lyrical development, his path led from various formal and metrical experiments through odes and elegies to hymns, which he created in free rhythms and thus the influence of Pindar became noticeable. Particularly in his hymns, Hölderlin represented the view of the poet as a mediator between the absolute and man.
The utopian idea of unity in the early hymns returned in the later works. In his odes, Hölderlin preferred to use the Alkaean and Asclepiadean verses. - Robert Southey was born on 12 August 1774 in Bristol, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Nelson (1918), Nelson (1926) and Goldilocks and the Three Bears: Death and Porridge (2024). He died on 21 March 1843 in Keswick, England, UK.
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Casimir Delavigne was born on 4 April 1793 in Le Havre, Seine-Maritime, France. He was a writer, known for La muta di Portici (1924), The Children of Edward IV (1909) and Les enfants d'Édouard (1914). He died on 11 December 1843 in Lyon, Rhône, Rhône-Alpes, France.- Hahnemann grew up in poor circumstances. Thanks to a scholarship, the talented boy was able to attend secondary school. He devoted himself to the writings of Hippocrates and other founders of the medical art. In 1775, Hahnemann began studying medicine in Leipzig, and two years later he moved to the University of Vienna. In 1779 he completed his studies with a doctorate in Erlangen. In 1782, Hahnemann married the pharmacist Johanne Leopoldine Henriette Küchler, with whom they had eleven children. His wife died in 1830. From 1785 to 1789, Hahnemann was responsible for managing the hospitals as deputy of the city physicist in Dresden. In 1789 the family settled in Leipzig. Hahnemann had now retired from practicing medicine to devote himself entirely to writing and translating medical writings.
In 1790, after reading a medical book and conducting a self-experiment with cinchona, he discovered the "rule of similarity" as the principle of action of natural medicines that cause disease symptoms in healthy people that are analogous to those experienced by the sick person for whom they have a healing effect. In self-experimentation, the cinchona bark used against intermittent fever caused the same symptoms of intermittent fever in healthy Hahnemann. The experiment is considered to be the birth of homeopathy, whose principle of action "similia similibus curentur" ("Similar ailments can be cured by similar means") was only published by Hahnemann in 1796 after repeated experiments and observations. Accordingly, the homeopathic medicine is used in low concentrations against the diseases that the remedy would cause in high doses.
He then began practicing as a doctor again in order to further develop the new method. Hahnemann made the discovery that the healing effect of medicines was inversely related to their dilution, which led him to develop another basic principle of homeopathy. In 1801, Hahnemann drew attention to himself with his work "Healing and Prevention of Scarlet Fever". Further writings such as his main work "Organon of Rational Medicine" (1810) and the work "Pure Medicine" (1811) followed. Although Hahnemann's new healing methods caused considerable discontent in the learned medical world, he was able to work as a lecturer in pharmacology at the University of Leipzig from 1811 to 1821.
At the invitation of Prince Ferdinand of Anhalt-Köthen, the family settled in Köthen in 1821, where Hahnemann lived until 1835 and published, among other things, the work "The Chronic Illnesses" (1928). After the death of his first wife (1830), Hahnemann married Melanie d''Hervilly at the beginning of 1835, with whom he settled in Paris. The alternative practitioner opened a thriving practice in the French capital. Between 1841 and 1843, Hahnemann wrote the sixth and final edition of the "Organon", which was only published posthumously with the LM potencies and is now considered a standard work of early homeopathy.
Samuel Hahnemann died on July 2, 1843 in Paris. - Friedrich de La Motte was born on 12 February 1777 in Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Nixenzauber (1918), Undine (1916) and Undine (1912). He died on 23 January 1843 in Berlin, Prussia [now Germany].
- Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was born on 16 February 1757 in Skoki, Brest Litovsk Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [now Skoki, Brest Region, Belarus]. Julian Ursyn died on 21 May 1843 in Paris, Kingdom of France.
- Johann Friedrich Kind was born on 4 March 1768 in Leipzig, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony, Germany]. Johann Friedrich was a writer, known for Der Freischütz (1968), Der Freischütz (2015) and Hunter's Bride (2010). Johann Friedrich died on 25 June 1843 in Dresden, Saxony [now Germany].
- Ernst Elias Niebergall was born on 13 January 1815 in Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany. He was a writer, known for Der Datterich (1963), Der Datterich (1958) and Datterich (1976). He died on 19 April 1843 in Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany.