George Salazar,P.E.,ESEP,LSMIEEE

The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the principles and best practices
of safety design for space systems. The book focuses on crewed space systems;
however, several chapters could also be a useful guide for the design of uncrewed
space systems.

The NASA Artemis program will return humans to the Moon. This time, with the help of commercial and international partners, the program's objective is a permanent moon base. The moon base infrastructure, including an orbiting moon station and moon surface assets, will be developed for astronauts to stay for the long haul to learn to live and work on another planet in preparation for an eventual Humans-to-Mars mission. As the roundtrip communication delays increase in deep space exploration, the… Mehr zeigen

The NASA Artemis program will return humans to the Moon. This time, with the help of commercial and international partners, the program's objective is a permanent moon base. The moon base infrastructure, including an orbiting moon station and moon surface assets, will be developed for astronauts to stay for the long haul to learn to live and work on another planet in preparation for an eventual Humans-to-Mars mission. As the roundtrip communication delays increase in deep space exploration, the crew will need more onboard systems autonomy and functionality to maintain and control the vehicle or habitat. These mission constraints will change the current Earth-based spacecraft to ground control support approach that will demand more safe, efficient, and effective Computer-Human Interface (CHI) control. For Artemis, CHI is defined as the elements that the crew interfaces with: audio, video, lighting, and crew controls subsystems. Understanding how CHI will need to evolve to support deep space missions will be critical for the Artemis program--especially crew controls, which is the focus of this paper. Weniger anzeigen

Through the NASA Artemis program, a new era of space exploration will serve to lead humanity towards sustained lunar exploration in preparation for the next giant leap-human exploration of Mars. These crewed spacecraft and habitats will require more automation and autonomy to support these complex missions. Crew size will be small and therefore a more efficient command and control input method is desired. Speech recognition along with visual or auditory feedback is… Mehr zeigen

Through the NASA Artemis program, a new era of space exploration will serve to lead humanity towards sustained lunar exploration in preparation for the next giant leap-human exploration of Mars. These crewed spacecraft and habitats will require more automation and autonomy to support these complex missions. Crew size will be small and therefore a more efficient command and control input method is desired. Speech recognition along with visual or auditory feedback is an alternative, providing an extra pair ofhands and eyes for the crew. Yet, speech recognition demands a highly integrated development approach to ensure a successful system implementation. To ensure the voice control application is developed correctly will require a Human Systems Integration (HSI) approach. This paper provides an insight into the development of a speech/voice control application for a spacecraft system that encompasses automation and autonomy through an HSI approach. Results of the voice control experiment of the Space Shuttle camera system are provided as lessons learned about using voice control on a spacecraft. Limitations and challenges of the technology are addressed as well as how HSI along with Human Readiness Level can help successfully develop voice control command and control systems. Weniger anzeigen

Crewed spacecraft and habitats of the future will
require more automation and autonomy to support complex
missions. However, these complex systems require a more
efficient command and control input method. Speech
recognition along with visual or auditory feedback is an
alternative, providing an extra pair of hands and eyes for the
crew. Yet, speech recognition demands a highly integrated
development approach to ensure a successful system
implementation. To ensure the… Mehr zeigen

Crewed spacecraft and habitats of the future will
require more automation and autonomy to support complex
missions. However, these complex systems require a more
efficient command and control input method. Speech
recognition along with visual or auditory feedback is an
alternative, providing an extra pair of hands and eyes for the
crew. Yet, speech recognition demands a highly integrated
development approach to ensure a successful system
implementation. To ensure the voice control application is
developed correctly will require a Human Systems Integration
(HSI) approach. This paper provides an insight into the
development of a speech/voice control application of a
spacecraft system that encompasses automation and autonomy
through an HSI approach. Results of the voice control
experiment of the Space Shuttle camera system are provided as
lessons learned about voice control on a spacecraft. Limitations
and challenges of the technology are addressed as well as how
HSI can help develop these types of voice control command and
control systems. Weniger anzeigen

Communication of the maturity of technology through the program/product life cycles helps enhance risk management from the beginning and support decision-making strategies for research, development, and allocation of resources. Currently, many organizations use the technology readiness level (TRL) as a simple metric to indicate the maturity of the technology. This article will discuss the TRL history, define the TRL levels, show how the TRL relates to the technology life cycle, and how the TRL… Mehr zeigen

Communication of the maturity of technology through the program/product life cycles helps enhance risk management from the beginning and support decision-making strategies for research, development, and allocation of resources. Currently, many organizations use the technology readiness level (TRL) as a simple metric to indicate the maturity of the technology. This article will discuss the TRL history, define the TRL levels, show how the TRL relates to the technology life cycle, and how the TRL framework contributes to the human readiness level (HRL) structure. Weniger anzeigen

A checklist before a flight demands a deep knowledge about the aircraft and its panel, avionics, instruments, functions, and cockpit layout. The student training to be a pilot or an advanced pilot aiming for an upgrade certification must know each instrument very deeply and its position on the flight panel. Each second spent looking for a localization of an instrument, bottom or indicator can waste time at the end of the checklist resulting in a bad starting procedure. This paper presents the… Mehr zeigen

A checklist before a flight demands a deep knowledge about the aircraft and its panel, avionics, instruments, functions, and cockpit layout. The student training to be a pilot or an advanced pilot aiming for an upgrade certification must know each instrument very deeply and its position on the flight panel. Each second spent looking for a localization of an instrument, bottom or indicator can waste time at the end of the checklist resulting in a bad starting procedure. This paper presents the idea that Augmented Reality (AR) technology can help pilots improve their skills, and help them learn new layout flight panel of different aircraft. Weniger anzeigen

NASA pursuit of human missions Beyond Earth Orbit (BEO) to the moon and eventually Mars will pose many new challenges. These missions are characterized by increased risks to human performance due to stress, fatigue, radiation exposure, and isolation. Fundamental changes in spaceflight operations will be required as well. A very critical part of future missions will be assisting the crew with problem-solving and contingency resolution using next-generation smart spacecraft systems. Human Systems… Mehr zeigen

NASA pursuit of human missions Beyond Earth Orbit (BEO) to the moon and eventually Mars will pose many new challenges. These missions are characterized by increased risks to human performance due to stress, fatigue, radiation exposure, and isolation. Fundamental changes in spaceflight operations will be required as well. A very critical part of future missions will be assisting the crew with problem-solving and contingency resolution using next-generation smart spacecraft systems. Human Systems Integration (HSI) must be included as part of the systems engineering process. Gateway1 will serve as part of the proving ground for maturing technology such as autonomous systems and space operations procedures to help meet moon mission goals and prepare humans for missions to Mars. For deep space missions, risk factors affecting humans such as mission duration, distance, and physiological/psychological effects, must be considered. The researchers noted the space industry's current solutions and proposed a system development view to solve future deepwater exploration challenges using HSI principles. This paper discusses the results of the review. Weniger anzeigen

As computational power and speech recognition algorithms improve, the consumer market will see better-performing speech recognition applications. The cell phone and Internet-related service industry have further enhanced speech recognition applications using artificial intelligence and statistical data-mining techniquesapplications by voice. Though SRT and more advanced speech recognition techniques show promise, use of this technology for a space application such as vehicle/habitat/spacesuit… Mehr zeigen

As computational power and speech recognition algorithms improve, the consumer market will see better-performing speech recognition applications. The cell phone and Internet-related service industry have further enhanced speech recognition applications using artificial intelligence and statistical data-mining techniquesapplications by voice. Though SRT and more advanced speech recognition techniques show promise, use of this technology for a space application such as vehicle/habitat/spacesuit requires careful considerations. There are still recognition challenges to overcome such as background noise, human speech variability, and task loading. However, implemented correctly, a voice-controlled spacecraft system (VCSS) can provide a useful, natural and efficient form of human-machine communications during complex tasks such as when the hands and eyes are busy or as an aid for vehicle situational awareness inquiries or collaborative human-robot tasks. This document provides considerations and guidance for the use of SRT in VCSS applications for space missions, specifically in command-and-control (C2) applications where the commanding is user-initiated. First, current SRT limitations as known at the time of this report are given. Then, highlights of SRT used in the space program provide the reader with a history of some of the human spaceflight applications and research. Next, an overview of the speech production process and the intrinsic variations of speech are provided. Finally, general guidance and considerations are given for development of a VCSS using a human-centered design approach for space applications that includes vocabulary selection and performance testing, as well as VCSS considerations for C2 dialogue management design, feedback, error handling, and evaluation/usability testing. Weniger anzeigen

The NASA/SP-2015-3709, Human Systems Integration (HSI) Practitioner's Guide, also known as the "HSIPG," provides a tool for implementing HSI activities within the NASA systems engineering framework. The HSIPG is written to aid the HSI practitioner engaged in a program or project (P/P), and serves as a knowledge base to allow the practitioner to step into an HSI lead or team member role for NASA missions.

This report describes the software Graphic Processing Unit (sGPU) development work and the preliminary test results of a GPU architecture that may be suitable to not only meet the deep space environment and spacecraft situational awareness requirements, but also provide a means of safety certification of displays along with potentially reduced life-cycle cost associated with spacecraft displays.

Report on the high energy proton testing of 5 COTS graphics processing boards.

Environmental testing results of an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that was subjected to EMC, Thermal and Vacuum, and radiation testing. Publication ..available upon request.

This report presents the results of the Detail Test Object (DTO)-675 "Voice Control of the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)" system. The DTO is a follow-on flight of the Voice Command System (VCS) that flew as a secondary payload on STS-41. Several design changes were made to the VCS for the STS-78 mission. This report discusses those design changes, the data collected during the mission, recognition problems encountered, and findings.

This report presents the results of the Voice Command System (VCS) flight experiment on the five-day STS-41 mission. Two mission specialists,Bill Shepherd and Bruce Melnick, used the speaker-dependent system to evaluate the operational effectiveness of using voice to control a spacecraft system. In addition, data was gathered to analyze the effects of microgravity on speech recognition performance.

Research shows that XR experiences activate
portions of the brain that facilitate learning. Case studies in
industry bear this out, showing enormous benefits of XR when
used to train employees, including reduced time to learn and
complete a task, increased ability to perform the task correctly
the first time, and better knowledge retention than with
traditional training methods. The emerging technologies that
fall under the umbrella term XR—virtual reality… Mehr zeigen

Research shows that XR experiences activate
portions of the brain that facilitate learning. Case studies in
industry bear this out, showing enormous benefits of XR when
used to train employees, including reduced time to learn and
complete a task, increased ability to perform the task correctly
the first time, and better knowledge retention than with
traditional training methods. The emerging technologies that
fall under the umbrella term XR—virtual reality, augmented
reality, mixed reality, and 360-degree video—can facilitate or
enhance learning through different affordances. The degree of
immersion and the ability to exercise agency through interaction
enhances learning. 360-degree video is highly immersive. But it
is not inherently interactive. It is theorized that by inserting
interactive 3D objects into a 360-degree video environment, both
immersion and interactivity can be achieved, with the result of
enhanced learning. Weniger anzeigen

NASA pursuit of human missions Beyond Earth Orbit (BEO) to the moon and eventually Mars will pose many new challenges. These missions are characterized by increased risks to human performance due to stress, fatigue, radiation exposure, and isolation. Fundamental changes in spaceflight operations will be required as well. A very critical part of future missions will be assisting the crew with problem-solving and contingency resolution using next-generation smart spacecraft systems. Human… Mehr zeigen

NASA pursuit of human missions Beyond Earth Orbit (BEO) to the moon and eventually Mars will pose many new challenges. These missions are characterized by increased risks to human performance due to stress, fatigue, radiation exposure, and isolation. Fundamental changes in spaceflight operations will be required as well. A very critical part of future missions will be assisting the crew with problem-solving and contingency resolution using next-generation smart spacecraft systems. Human Systems Integration (HSI) must be included as part of the systems engineering process. NASA engineering and human systems subject-matter expert personnel reviewed challenges reported in space-related environments for long space duration missions and identified similarities with the challenges encountered in deepwater exploration. The researchers noted the space industry's current solutions and proposed a system development view to solve future deepwater exploration challenges using HSI principles. This paper discusses the results of the review.

Weniger anzeigen

This paper discusses a comparison of active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display technologies against conventional active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) technologies for use in environments associated with crewed deep spaceflight missions. LCD based and organic light emitting diode (OLED) based display technology discussion centers around non-space flight characteristics such as reliability, image and video performance, and display color temperature stability in addition to… Mehr zeigen

This paper discusses a comparison of active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display technologies against conventional active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) technologies for use in environments associated with crewed deep spaceflight missions. LCD based and organic light emitting diode (OLED) based display technology discussion centers around non-space flight characteristics such as reliability, image and video performance, and display color temperature stability in addition to unique space flight characteristics such as radiation tolerance, thermal vacuum performance, display surface optics and material considerations. Weniger anzeigen