Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Space Shuttle Mission STS-30
Space Shuttle Mission STS-30
STS-30
PRESS KIT APRIL 1989
MAGELLAN
STS-30 INSIGNIA
S89-20025 -- The STS-30 insignia depicts the joining of NASAs manned and unmanned space programs. The sun and inner planets of our solar system are shown with the curve connecting Earth and Venus symbolizing the shuttle orbit, the spacecraft trajectory toward Venus, and its subsequent orbit around our sister planet. A Spanish caravel similar to the ship on the official Magellan program insignia commemorates the 16th century explorers journey and his legacy of adventure and discovery. Seven stars on the patch honor the crew of Challenger. The five-star cluster in the shape of the constellation Cassiopeia represent the five STS-30 crewmembers astronauts David Walker, Ronald Grabe, Norman Thagard, Mary Cleave and Mark Lee - who collectively designed the patch. The NASA insignia design for space shuttle flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other official use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the form of illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we do not anticipate, it will be publicly announced. PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
CONTENTS
GENERAL RELEASE GENERAL INFORMATION STS-30 QUICK-LOOK FACTS LAUNCH PREPARATION, COUNTDOWN AND LIFTOFF IUS/MAGELLAN PRELAUNCH PAYLOAD PREPARATION AT KSC STS-30 MISSION OBJECTIVES MAJOR COUNTDOWN MILESTONES SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES SUMMARY OF MAJOR FLIGHT ACTIVITIES TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LANDING AND POST-LANDING OPERATIONS MAGELLAN Mission Description Magellan Spacecraft Radar System Command and Data Systems Gravity Experiment VENUS FACTS MAGELLAN MISSION HIGHLIGHTS MAGELLAN SCIENCE TEAM RADAR INVESTIGATION GROUP GRAVITY INVESTIGATION GROUP INERTIAL UPPER STAGE MESOSCALE LIGHTNING EXPERIMENT MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH WITH THE FLUIDS EXPERIMENT APPARATUS Floating Zone Crystal Growth and Purification Fluids Experiment Apparatus AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL SITE TESTS PAYLOAD AND VEHICLE WEIGHTS SUMMARY SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK STS-30 CARGO CONFIGURATION CREW BIOGRAPHIES NASA PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 17 19 21 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 27 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40
RELEASE: 89-46
April, 1989
GENERAL INFORMATION
NASA Select Television Transmission The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter and for the change-of-shift briefings from Johnson Space Center, Houston, will be available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; Johnson Space Center, Houston; and NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The television schedule will be updated daily to reflect changes dictated by mission operations. NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west longitude.
Special Note to Broadcasters For approximately 5 days before launch, audio interview material with the STS-30 crew will be available to broadcasters by calling 202/755-1788 between 8 a.m. to noon EDT, Monday through Friday. The material will include short sound bites, with introduction, for a total of 2 minutes. Tapes will be changed daily.
Status Reports Status reports on the countdown, flight mission activities and landing operations will be produced by the appropriate NASA news center.
Briefings An STS-30 mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission, flight control personnel work 8-hour shifts. Change-of-shift briefings by the off-going flight director will occur at approximately 8-hour intervals.
T-20 Hours T-19 Hours (holding) T-19 Hours (counting) T-18 Hours T-11 Hours (holding)
T-6 Hours 30 minutes T-6 Hours (holding) T-6 Hours (counting) T-5 Hours T-4 Hours T-3 Hours (holding)
T-2 Hours 30 Min T-60 Min T-20 Min (holding) T-20 Min (counting) T-10 Min T-9 Min (holding)
T-9 Min (counting) T-7 minutes, 30 Sec T-5 Min T-4 Min 55 Sec T-3 Min, 30 Sec T-2 Min, 55 Sec T-1 Min, 57 Sec T-31 Sec
T-28 Sec T-21 Sec T-6.6 Sec T-3 Sec T-0 T+7 Sec
STS-30 contingency landing sites are Edwards AFB, White Sands, Kennedy Space Center, Ben Guerir, Moron and Banjul.
Event Begin Roll Maneuver End Roll Maneuver SSME Throttle Down to 65% Max. Dyn. Pressure (Max Q) SSME Throttle Up to 104% SRB Staging Negative Return Main Engine Cutoff (MECO) Zero Thrust ET Separation OMS 1 Burn OMS 2 Burn Magellan/IUS Deploy (orbit 5) Deorbit Burn (orbit 64) Landing (orbit 65)
Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 85 x 3 nm Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 1: 160 x 51 nm Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 160 x 160 nm Apogee, Perigee post-deploy: 176 x 161 nm
MAGELLAN
Mission Description The Magellan mission will map up to 90 percent of the surface of Venus to a high degree of resolution. The spacecrafts primary science instrument is an imaging radar, called a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). In addition to mapping, precise tracking of Magellan radio signals will improve our knowledge of the Venusian gravity field. Magellan is the first planetary probe to be launched from a Space Shuttle and the first planetary spacecraft to be launched in nearly 11 years. The imaging radar is capable of performing both surface imaging and altitude measurements. It is able to resolve surface features measuring from about 120 meters near the equator to about 300 meters near the north pole through the thick clouds that perpetually shroud the planet. The altimeter will measure elevations accurate to about 30 meters. Following insertion into Venus orbit in August 1990, approximately 18 days will be spent checking out the spacecraft and its imaging radar. The prime mapping mission then will begin, lasting 243 Earth days or 1 Venus day. A proposed extended mission would be used to map those areas missed when the Sun is between Venus and Earth and when Venus is between the spacecraft and Earth. It also would be used to determine irregularities in the planets interior by measuring gravity. Magellans trajectory to Venus is called a Type IV transfer. It requires the spacecraft to go one and one-half times around the Sun before it goes into orbit around Venus. Although the Type IV transfer has advantages of lower launch energy and lower Venus approach speed, the main reason for using this trajectory is that it allows the Galileo mission to be launched by the Shuttle in October 1989, the launch time required by Magellan for the shorter and faster trajectory to Venus. In the mapping orbit, the spacecraft will approach the planet as close as 155 miles. That is called periapsis. At its furthest point in its elliptical orbit, the spacecraft will be 4,977 miles from the planets surface. That is apoapsis. Magellan will make one orbit every 3 hours, 9 minutes. The approach to Venus is over the northern hemisphere with a mapping swath that goes from north to south. The radar mapping is done for a 37-minute period each orbit when the spacecraft is close to the planet, and when it is at apoapsis, it transmits the data back to Earth. The mapping profile of Magellan includes two swaths of coverage done alternately, one beginning further north than the next. As the spacecraft approaches the planet, it will begin mapping the north swath at 90 degrees north latitude and continue to 54 degrees south latitude. On the next orbit, it will begin 4.7 minutes later for the south swath and begin mapping at 76 degrees north latitude and continue to 68 degrees south. Magellan will make 1,852 mapping swaths around the planet during the primary mission. Mapping data are transmitted back to Earth at 268.8 kilobits per second. The data are received by the 70-meter tracking station network, that is, the largest radio telescopes of the Deep Space Network locations at Goldstone, Calif.; near Madrid, Spain; and at Canberra, Australia. As each orbit continues toward apoapsis, the spacecraft plays back the data to Earth. During this time, it interrupts its playback to make star calibrations to confirm its attitude data base. Magellan looks at the positions of two stars in the sky and compares them with a star map in its computer. This fixes its attitude in relation to the planet. Then it resumes its data playback. When the second playback is completed the antenna is rotated back toward the planet for the next mapping sequence.
Magellan Spacecraft The Magellan spacecraft was designed and constructed by Martin Marietta Astronautics Group, Denver, Colo. The height of the spacecraft is 21 feet. It is 15 ft. in diameter and weighs 7,604 pounds. Several subsystems make up the spacecraft system. They include the structure, thermal control, power, attitude control, propulsion, command data and data storage, and telecommunications. The structure is composed of four major sections: the high-gain antenna, forward equipment module, spacecraft bus including solar array and orbit-insertion stage. The high-gain antenna is used as the antenna for the synthetic aperture radar as well as the primary antenna for the telecommunications system to send data back to Earth. The 11.8-ft. diameter parabolic dish is made of strong, lightweight graphite epoxy sheets mounted on an aluminum honeycomb for rigidity. It is a spare from the Voyager project. There also is a cone-shaped medium-gain antenna used for receiving commands by and sending engineering data from Magellan during the 15-month cruise from Earth. A low-gain antenna provides the ground team with an alternative means of commanding the spacecraft in case of an emergency that prevents use of normal data rates. The altimeter antenna is mounted to one side of the high-gain antenna and is pointed vertically down at the surface of the planet during the radar data acquisitions. The forward equipment module contains the radar electronics, the reaction wheels which control the spacecrafts attitude in space and other subsystem components. The bus is a 10-sided structure consisting of the remainder of the subsystem components, including the solar panel array, star scanner, medium-gain antenna, rocket engine modules, command data and data storage subsystem, monopropellant tank and a nitrogen tank for propellant pressurization. The orbit insertion stage contains a Star 48 solid rocket motor to place the spacecraft into orbit around Venus. Once in orbit, the motor casing is jettisoned. A combination of louvers, thermal blankets, passive coatings and heat-dissipating elements are used to control the spacecrafts temperature. The normal operating temperature range for the spacecraft components is between 25 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Power for the spacecraft and the experiments is provided by two solar panels with a total area of 12.6 square meters. The array is capable of producing 1,200 watts. Both direct (dc) and alternating current (ac) are provided with dc power at 28 to 35 volts and ac power at 2.4 kilohertz. Two 30-amp hour, 26-cell nickel cadmium batteries provide power when the spacecraft is in the shadow of the planet and allow normal spacecraft operations independent of solar illumination. The batteries remain charged by using power provided by the solar arrays. The three reaction wheels, which control the spacecrafts attitude in relation to the planet, are driven by electric motors and store momentum while they are spinning. At a point in each orbit near apoapsis, the monopropellant rocket motors are used to counteract the torque on the spacecraft as the reaction wheels are despun to eliminate the excess momentum. There is one reaction wheel for each of the spacecrafts three axes -- yaw, pitch and roll. The Star 48 rocket used to put the spacecraft into orbit around Venus weighs 4,721 lbs., of which 4,430 lbs. are fuel. It has a thrust of 15,232 lbs. The spacecraft also has 24 thrusters used for trajectory correction and attitude control. Eight of the thrusters have 100 lbs. of thrust each. Four have 5 lbs. of thrust and 12 have 0.2 lb. of thrust. The smallest thrusters are used for attitude control and momentum unloading of the spacecraft at apoapsis.
Radar System The radar system was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company, Space and Communications Group. The radar is used for Venus mapping because it can penetrate the thick clouds covering the planet. Optical photography cannot penetrate the clouds. Real aperture radars can be used to make images, but the resolution is poor. Magellans synthetic aperture radar (SAR) will create high-resolution images by using computer processing on Earth to simulate a large antenna on the spacecraft. The onboard radar system will operate as though it has a huge antenna, hundreds of meters long. The antenna is actually 12 ft. in diameter. The radar system will measure the strength of the received signals (brightness), how long each signal took to make the round-trip to the target point and back (range) and changes in the signal frequency (pitch) resulting from the spacecrafts motion. That information will allow computers on Earth to develop high-resolution pictures from the data. The SAR is sometimes called a side-looking radar because it looks at its target at an angle to the side of the flight path, while the altimetry radar looks straight down. A digital computer on Earth forms elements of the image by taking into account the time delay, the phase (or frequency) of the radar wave and the magnitude of the radar return echo as the spacecraft moves along its path. While the primary function of the SAR is imaging, it also performs altimetry and radiometry. In the imaging mode, the radar views Venus with the large mapping antenna. The length of the synthetic aperture varies with the altitude and speed of Magellan as it flies by. At its closest point to the planet, the resolution will be about 120 meters. In the altimetry mode, it uses a separate antenna to look at the planet directly beneath the spacecraft and determines vertical features to a resolution of about 30 meters. When the radar system is operated in the passive mode it operates as a radiometer and measures natural thermal emissions from the surface. That will help scientists determine the composition of surface materials.
Command and Data System (CDDS) The brain of the spacecraft is its command and data system. It receives commands transmitted from Earth and controls the spacecraft in response to those commands. The system also controls the acquisition and storage on tape recorders of scientific data and sends that information back to Earth through the radio frequency subsystem. The core of the system consists of computers in redundant pairs. All are fully reprogrammable and all are modified Galileo equipment. The system, called the CDDS, stores commands for up to 3 days of radar operation during the orbit phase. There also is a provision for receiving and executing separate commands transmitted from the ground. Engineering data normally will be transmitted to Earth in real time. When a real-time link is not possible, the data will be tape recorded and played back on a high-rate link. The imaging radar data will be stored on two multitrack digital tape recorders for later playback over the high-rate band. There is no provision for real-time transmission of the SAR data because the large antenna must be pointed at Venus during mapping. The data storage capacity of the two digital tape recorders is about 1.8 billion bits. The recorders will be used primarily for the recording of SAR data, but low-rate engineering data can be stored during mapping or other periods when engineering data cannot be transmitted back to Earth in real time.
Gravity Experiment An experiment to measure Venus density at different locations will use the radio subsystem. The gravity measurements will be taken when the high-gain antenna is pointed toward Earth, instead of the surface of Venus, and is in a radio transmission mode. When a spacecraft is close to a massive body such as Venus, it experiences changes in acceleration due to irregularities in the density of the planet. Those speed variations can be determined by measuring the speed of the spacecraft every few seconds with an Earth-based radio tracking system. The changes in speed are gravity measurements. The differences in speed will be very small, but even a small speed-up would be apparent by measuring the Doppler shift of the radio wave. It would indicate a planet area of greater density. If the spacecraft showed a small deceleration, it would indicate an area of lesser density. These readings would give scientists a better understanding of the planets interior. Since Venus rotates very slowly beneath the orbiting spacecraft, one orbit profile will be very similar to the one preceding it. If many sequential orbits are obtained, their gravity profiles can be added to the topographic map. With the present mission geometry, high-resolution gravity data will not be obtained until well into the extended mission. Then the gravity data will be acquired for only 160 more days because the Sun will come between the spacecraft and Earth for a period of time. This factor limits the global gravity coverage to 66 percent. However, there is a subsequent period of 265 days during which complete high-resolution global coverage can be obtained without interference caused by planetary positions.
VENUS FACTS
Radius: Rotational Period: Orbit Period: Distance from Sun: Density: Surface Gravity: Atmospheric Pressure at Surface: Temperature at Surface: Atmospheric Composition: 3,630 miles 243 Earth days 225 Earth days 64,920,000 miles 5.2 times that of water 0.907 times that of Earths gravity 90 times that of Earths surface pressure 850 degrees Fahrenheit Carbon dioxide (96%); nitrogen (3+%); trace amounts of sulfur dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, argon, helium, neon, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride
Orbit Insertion
Mapping Orbit Period Radar Mapping Mapping Orbit Inclination Superior Conjunction End of Nominal Mission Data Gap Recoverable
The IUS electrical power subsystem consists of avionics batteries, IUS power distribution units, power transfer unit, utility batteries, pyrotechnic switching unit, IUS wiring harness and umbilical, and staging connectors. The IUS avionics system distributes electrical power to the Magellan/IUS interface connector for all mission phases from prelaunch to spacecraft separation. The IUS two-stage vehicle uses both a large and small SRM. These motors employ movable nozzles for thrust vector control. The nozzles provide up to 4 degrees of steering on the large motor and 7 degrees on the small motor. The large motor is the longest thrusting duration SRM ever developed for space, with the capability to thrust as long as 150 seconds. Mission requirements and constraints (such as weight) can be met by tailoring the amount of propellant carried. The reaction control system controls the Magellan/IUS spacecraft attitude during coasting; roll control during SRM thrustings; velocity impulses for accurate orbit injection; and the final collision avoidance maneuver. As a minimum, the IUS includes one reaction control fuel tank with a capacity of 120 lb. of hydrazine. Production options are available to add a second or third tank; however, IUS-18 will require only one tank, with 120 lb. of fuel. To avoid spacecraft contamination, the IUS has no forward facing thrusters. The reaction control system is also used to provide the velocities for spacing between several spacecraft deployments and avoiding collision or contamination after the spacecraft separates. The Magellan spacecraft is physically attached to the IUS at eight attachment points, providing substantial load carrying capability while minimizing the transfer of heat across the connecting points. Power, command and data transmission between the two are provided by several IUS interface connectors. In addition, the IUS provides a multilayer insulation blanket of aluminized Kapton with polyester net spacers across the Magellan/IUS interface, along with an aluminized Beta cloth outer layer. All IUS thermal blankets are vented toward and into the IUS cavity, which in turn is vented to the orbiter payload bay. There is no gas flow between the spacecraft and the IUS. The thermal blankets are grounded to the IUS structure to prevent electrostatic charge buildup. After the orbiter payload bay doors are opened in orbit, the orbiter will maintain a preselected attitude to keep the payload within thermal requirements and constraints. On-orbit IUS predeployment checkout is accomplished, followed by an IUS command link check and spacecraft communications check. Orbiter trim maneuver(s) are normally performed at this time. Forward payload restraints will be released and the aft frame of the airborne support equipment will tilt the Magellan/IUS to 29 degrees. This will extend the payload into space just outside the orbiter payload bay, allowing direct communication with Earth during systems checkout. The orbiter will then be maneuvered to the deployment attitude. If a problem has developed within the spacecraft or IUS, the IUS and its payload can be restowed. Prior to deployment, the spacecraft electrical power source will be switched from orbiter power to IUS internal power by the orbiter flight crew. After verifying that the spacecraft is on IUS internal power and that all Magellan/IUS predeployment operations have been successfully completed, a Go/No-Go decision for deployment will be sent to the crew. When the orbiter flight crew is given a Go decision, it will activate the ordnance that separates the spacecrafts umbilical cables. The crew will then command the electromechanical tilt actuator to raise the tilt table to a 52-degree deployment position. The orbiters Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters will be inhibited and an ordnance separation device initiated to physically separate the IUS/spacecraft combination from the tilt table. Compressed springs provide the force to jettison the IUS/Magellan from the orbiter payload bay at approximately 6 inches per second. The deployment is normally performed in the shadow of the orbiter or in Earth eclipse.
The tilt table will then be lowered to minus 6 degrees after the IUS and spacecraft are deployed. A small orbiter maneuver will be made to back away from IUS/Magellan. Approximately 19 minutes after deployment the orbiters OMS engines will be ignited to move the orbiter away from the IUS/spacecraft. After deployment, IUS/Magellan is controlled by the IUS onboard computers. Approximately 10 minutes after IUS/Magellan is deployed from the orbiter, the IUS onboard computer will send out signals used by the IUS and/or Magellan to begin mission sequence events. This signal also will enable the RCS and initiate deployment of the spacecrafts solar panels. All subsequent operations will be sequenced by the IUS computer, from transfer orbit injection through spacecraft separation and IUS deactivation. After the RCS has been activated, the IUS will maneuver to the required thermal attitude and perform any required spacecraft thermal control maneuvers. At approximately 45 minutes after deployment from the orbiter, the ordnance inhibits for the first SRM will be removed. The belly of the orbiter already will have been oriented towards the IUS/Magellan combination to protect the orbiter windows from the IUSs plume. The IUS will recompute the first ignition time and maneuvers necessary to attain the proper attitude for the first thrusting period. When the proper transfer orbit opportunity is reached, the IUS computer will send the signal to ignite the first-stage motor. After firing approximately 150 seconds, the IUS first stage will have expended its fuel and will be separated from the IUS second stage. Approximately 2.5 minutes after first-stage burnout, the second-stage motor will be ignited, thrusting about 108 seconds. The IUS second stage will then separate and perform a final collision/contamination avoidance maneuver before deactivating. The IUS was developed and built by Boeing Aerospace, Seattle, under contract to the Air Force Systems Commands Space Systems Division. The Space Systems Division is executive agent for all Department of Defense activities pertaining to the Space Shuttle system and provides the IUS to NASA for Shuttle use.
Floating Zone Crystal Growth and Purification The floating zone process involves an annular heater that melts a length of sample material and them moves along the sample. As the heater moves (translates), more and more of the polycrystalline material in front of it melts. The molten material behind the heater will cool and resolidify. The presence of a seed crystal at the initial solidification interface, will establish the crystallographic lattice structure and orientation of the single crystal that results. Impurities in the polycrystalline material will tend to stay in the melt as it passes along the sample and will be deposited at the end when the heater is turned off and the melt finally solidifies. On the ground, under the influence of gravity, the length of the melt is dependent upon the density and surface tension of the material being processed. Many industrially important materials cannot be successfully processed because of their properties. In the microgravity environment of spaceflight, the length of the melt is only limited to the diameter of the sample and is independent of material properties. Materials of industrial interest include indium antimonide, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide and others. Potential applications for these materials include advanced electronic, electro-optical and optical devices and high-purity feed stock. The FEA-2 experiments involve five samples, three of indium with a melting point of 156 Celsius and two of selenium with a melting point of 217 Celsius. Each sample will be 1 centimeter in diameter by 19 centimeters long. The heater translation rates and process durations are given by the table on the next page. On orbit, the flight crew will prepare the FEA by connecting its computer and camera. The five experiment samples will be sequentially installed in the FEA at mission elapsed times of 21.5, 25.9, 30.1, 51.9 and 73.5 hours, respectively, and processed according to their unique requirements. The experiment parameters (heater power and translation rate) will be controlled by the operator through the FEA control panel. Sample behavior, primarily melt zone length, will be observed by the operator and recorded by the FEA camera. Experiment data (heater power, heater translation rate, heater position, experiment time, and various experiment and FEA temperatures) will be formatted, displayed to the operator and recorded by the computer. The operator will record mission elapsed time at the start of each experiment as well as significant orbiter maneuvers during FEA operations. In general, the experiment process involves installing a sample in the FEA, positioning the heater at a predesignated point along the sample, turning on the heater to melt a length of sample (approximately twice the diameter), starting
the heater translation at a fixed rate (for the last three samples only), and maintaining a constant the melt zone length by controlling the heater power. Once the end of the sample is reached, the heater is turned off and the translation reversed until it reaches the starting end of the sample. The sample, camera film and computer disk then can be changed and the next experiment started.
Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA) The FEA is designed to perform materials processing research in the microgravity environment of spaceflight. Its design and operational characteristics are based on actual industrial requirements and have been coordinated thoroughly with industrial scientists and NASA materials-processing specialists and Space Shuttle operations personnel. Convenient, low-cost access to space for basic and applied research in a variety of product and process technologies is provided by the FEA. The FEA is a modular microgravity chemistry and physics laboratory for use on the Space Shuttle and supports materials processing research in crystal growth, general liquid chemistry, fluid physics and thermodynamics. It has the functional capability to heat, cool, mix, stir or centrifuge experiment samples that can be gaseous, liquid or solid. Samples can be processed in a variety of containers or in a semicontainerless floating zone mode. Multiple samples can be installed, removed or exchanged during a mission through a 14.1 by 10 inch door in the FEAs cover. Instrumentation can measure sample temperature, pressure, viscosity, etc. A video or super-8 millimeter movie camera can be used to record sample behavior. Experiment data can be displayed and recorded through the use of a portable computer that also is capable of controlling experiments. Interior dimensions of the FEA are approximately 18.6 by 14.5 by 7.4 inches, and it can accommodate approximately 26 pounds of experiment-unique hardware and subsystems. It mounts in place of a standard stowage locker in the middeck of the Shuttle crew compartment, where it is operated by the flight crew. This installation and means of operation permit the FEA to be flown on most Space Shuttle missions. Modular design permits the FEA to be easily configured for almost any experiment. Configurations even can be changed in orbit, permitting experiments of different types to be performed on a given Shuttle mission. Optional subsystems can include custom furnace and oven designs, special sample containers, low-temperature air heaters, specimen centrifuge, special instrumentation, and other systems specified by the user. Up to 100 watts of 120 volt, 400-hertz power is available from the Shuttle orbiter for FEA experiments. Heater Rate (cm/hr) 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.25 0.62
Sample 1 2 3 4 5
Duration (hr) 2 2 16 16 16
STS-30 CREWMEMBERS
S89-28536 These five astronauts have been assigned to fly aboard Atlantis for the STS-30 mission. Astronaut David M. Walker, standing at left, is mission commander. Others are, left to right, astronauts Ronald J. Grabe, pilot; Norman E. Thagard, Mary L. Cleave and Mark C. Lee, all mission specialists. No copyright is asserted for this photograph. If a recognizable person appears in the photo, use for commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, process or service, or used in any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this photograph is used in advertising and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
DAVID M. WALKER, 44, captain, USN, is mission commander. Although born in Columbus, Ga., he considers Eustis, Fla., his hometown. Walker is a member of the astronaut class of 1978. Walker was pilot of STS-51A, launched Nov. 8, 1984, marking the second flight of the orbiter Discovery. During the mission, the crew deployed two satellites and, in the first space salvage mission in history, also retrieved and returned to Earth the Palapa B-2 and Westar VI satellites. His assignments also have included: Astronaut Office safety officer; deputy chief of Aircraft Operations; STS-1 chase pilot; software verification at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); and assistant to the director, Flight Crew Operations. He has logged 192 hours in space. Walker earned a B.S. degree from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1966. He received flight training from the Naval Aviation Training Command at bases in Florida, Mississippi and Texas. He completed two combat cruises in Southeast Asia as a fighter pilot, flying F-4 Phantoms aboard the carriers USS Enterprise and USS America. In January 1972, Walker became an experimental and engineering test pilot in the flight test division at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Md. Walker has logged more than 5,000 hours flying time, 4,500 in jet aircraft. RONALD J. GRABE, 43, colonel, USAF, is pilot. He was born in New York, N.Y., and is a member of the astronaut class of 1981. Grabe was pilot for STS-51J, the second Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission, launched Oct. 3, 1985, on the orbiter Atlantis maiden voyage. He has logged 98 hours in space. Grabe earned a B.S. degree in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1966 and studied aeronautics as a Fulbright Scholar at the Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, West Germany, in 1967. Following his studies in West Germany, Grabe returned to the United States to complete pilot training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. In 1969, he was assigned as an F-100 pilot with the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing at Bien Hoa Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, where he flew 200 combat missions. Grabe graduated from the USAF Test Pilot School in 1975 and was assigned to the Air Force Flight Test Center as a test pilot for the A-7 and F-111. He later served as an exchange test pilot with the Royal Air Force at Boscombe Down, United Kingdom, from 1976 at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., when advised of his selection by NASA. Grabe has logged more than 4,000 hours flying time. NORMAN E. THAGARD, MD, 45, is mission specialist 1 (MS-1). Although born in Marianna, Fla., Thagard considers Jacksonville, Fla., his hometown. He is a member of the astronaut class of 1978. Thagard was a mission specialist on STS-7, launched June 8, 1983. It was the second flight for the orbiter Challenger and the first mission with a five-person crew. During the mission, the STS-7 crew operated the Canadian-built remote manipulator system arm to perform the first deployment and retrieval exercise with the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01); conducted the first formation flying of the orbiter with a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01); and carried and operated the first U.S./German cooperative materials science payload. During the flight, Thagard conducted various medical tests and collected data on physiological changes associated with astronaut adaptation to space. Thagard also served as a mission specialist on STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 science mission, launched April 29, 1985, aboard Challenger. Duties on orbit included satellite deployment operation with the NUSAT satellite and care for the 24 rodents and two squirrel monkeys contained in the Research Animal Holding Facility. Thagard earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in engineering science from Florida State University before earning an M.D. degree from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in 1977. After entering active duty with the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, Thagard achieved the rank of captain in 1967 and a year later was designated a naval aviator assigned to fly F-4s at Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort, S.C. He flew 163 combat missions in Vietnam in 1969 and 1970. Thagard resumed his academic studies in 1971, pursuing additional studies in electrical engineering and a degree in medicine. Thagard is a pilot and has logged over 2,200 hours flying time, the majority in jet aircraft.
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
MARY L. CLEAVE, PhD, 42, is mission specialist 2 (MS-2). Cleave was born in Southampton, N.Y. She is a member of the astronaut class of 1980. Cleave was a mission specialist on STS-61B which was launched at night, Nov. 26, 1985. During the mission, the crew deployed communications satellites and conducted two 6-hour spacewalks to demonstrate Space Station construction techniques with the EASE/ACCESS experiments. This was the heaviest payload weight a Space Shuttle had carried to orbit. Cleave also has worked as a capsule communicator (capcom) in the Mission Control Center on five Space Shuttle flights. Cleave has logged 165 hours in space. Cleave earned a B.S. degree in biological sciences from Colorado State University in 1969. She earned an M.S. degree in microbial ecology and a Ph.D. in civil and environmental engineering from Utah State University in 1975 and 1979, respectively. Cleave held graduate research, research psychologist and research engineer assignments in the Ecology Center and the Utah Water Research Laboratory at Utah State University from 1971 to 1980.
MARK C. LEE, 36, major, USAF, is mission specialist 3 (MS-3). This will be his first space flight. Born in Viroqua, Wis., he is a member of the astronaut class of 1984. Lee has participated in the planning and simulation of several extravehicular activity missions and has served as the support crewmember for mission STS-51I, Leasat retrieval and repair. He also has served as a capcom. Lee earned a B.S. degree in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1974 and a M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. Following pilot training at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, Lee spent 2 1/2 years at Okinawa Air Base, Japan, in the 25th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying F-4s. In 1982, he served as the 388TFW deputy commander for operations, executive officer and flight commander in the 4th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, until his selection as an astronaut candidate. Lee has logged 2,000 hours flying time, primarily in the T-38, F-4 and F-16 aircraft.
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX Aaron Cohen Paul J. Weitz Richard A. Colonna Donald R. Puddy Eugene F. Kranz Henry O. Pohl Charles S. Harlan Director Deputy Director Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects Director, Flight Crew Operations Director, Mission Operations Director, Engineering Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL Forrest A. McCartney Thomas E. Utsman Jay F. Honeycutt Robert B. Sieck George T. Sasseen Conrad G. Nagel James A. Thomas John T. Conway Director Deputy Director Director, Shuttle Management and Operations Launch Director Shuttle Engineering Director Atlantis Flow Director Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance Director, Payload Management and Operations
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL James R. ThompsonJr. Thomas J. Lee William R. Marshall Dr. J. Wayne Littles Alexander A. McCool Gerald W. Smith Joseph A. Lombardo Jerry W. Smelser Director Deputy Director Manager, Shuttle Projects Office Director, Science and Engineering Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project Acting Manager, External Tank Project
STENNIS SPACE CENTER, BAY ST. LOUIS, MS Roy S. Estess William F. Taylor J. Harry Guin Edward L. Tilton III John L. GaseryJr. Director Associate Director Director, Propulsion Test Operations Director, Science and Technology Laboratory Chief, Safety/Quality Assurance and Occupational Health
AMES RESEARCH CENTER, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA Dr. William F. BallhausJr. Director Dr. Dale L. Compton Deputy Director
AMES-DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH FACILITY, EDWARDS, CA Martin A. Knutson Theodore G. Ayers Thomas C. McMurtry Larry C. Barnett Site Manager Deputy Site Manager Chief, Research Aircraft Operations Division Chief, Shuttle Support Office
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD Dr. John W. Townsend Gerald W. Longanecker Robert E. Spearing Daniel A. Spintman Gary A. Morse Director Director, Flight Projects Director, Operations and Data Systems Chief, Networks Division Network Director
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, PASADENA, CA Dr. Lew Allen Dr. Peter T. Lyman John H. Gerpheide Anthony J. Spear Dr. Saterios Sam Dallas Dr. R. Steven Sanders Director Deputy Director Manager, Magellan Project Deputy Manager, Magellan Project Manager, Science and Mission Design, Magellan Project Magellan Project Scientist
STS-61C 01/12/86 - 01/18/86 STS-9 11/28/83 - 12/08/83 STS-5 11/11/82 - 11/16/82 STS-4 06/27/82 - 07/04/82 STS-3 03/22/82 - 03/30/82 STS-2 11/12/81 - 11/14/81 STS-1 04/12/81 - 04/14/81 OV-102 Columbia (7 flights)
STS-51L 01/28/86 STS-61A 10/30/85 - 11/06/85 STS-51F 07/29/85 - 08/06/85 STS-51B 04/29/85 - 05/06/85 STS-41G 10/05/84 - 10/13/84 STS-41C 04/06/84 - 04/13/84 STS-41B 02/03/84 - 02/11/84 STS-8 08/30/83 - 09/05/83 STS-7 06/18/83 - 06/24/83 STS-6 04/04/83 - 04/09/83 OV-099 Challenger (10 flights)
STS-29 03/13/89 - 03/18/89 STS-26 09/29/88 - 10/03/88 STS-51-I 08/27/85 - 09/03/85 STS-51G 06/17/85 - 06/24/85 STS-51D 04/12/85 - 04/19/85 STS-51C 01/24/85 - 01/27/85 STS-51A 11/08/84 - 11/16/84 STS-41D 08/30/84 - 09/05/84 OV-103 Discovery (8 flights)
STS-27 12/02/88 - 12/06/88 STS-61B 11/26/85 - 12/03/85 STS-51J 10/03/85 - 10/07/85 OV-104 Atlantis (3 flights)