Physics Investigatory Project
Physics Investigatory Project
Signature of Principal
Teacher-in-charge
Mrs. Purnima Mehra
Kumar Jha
Signature of
Mr. Amarendra
(PGT)
Department of Physics
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is my proud privilege to offer my sincere
thanks to the Central Board of Secondary
Education who has given me this opportunity to
make a project on this subject successfully.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Madam Purnima Mehra, the principal
of my school to complete this in time.
I am extremely indebted to our physics
teacher Mr. Amarendra Kumar Jha for his able
guidance, timely help and constructive
encouragements towards the completion of this
project.
And at last, I would like to offer my sincere
thanks to our lab assistance for guiding me on a
step by step basis and ensuring that I completed
all my experiments with ease.
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: To investigate the dependence, of the angle
Submitted by:-
Nisha Borah
Class: XII-B
Roll no.
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts
light. The exact angles between the surfaces
depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with
a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use prism usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the
shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that
white light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produced the color. Newtons experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
corpuscles (particles) of light were fanned out
Experimental setup
AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle
of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc),
drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins,
graph papers and a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism
D = i + e (r1 + r2)
(1)
In
QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180
(2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then
A + QN3S = 180
(3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r 1 + r2
(4) Eq. (1) become
D=i+e-A
D+A=i+e
(5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum deviation.
It is represented by the symbol Dm.
Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One
value equals i and other value equals e.
As angle i is increased from a small value, e
decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation
is minimum (Dm), then, i and e becomes
equal.
n=
sin i
sin r 1
sin e
sinr 2
A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
A
2
r=
A+D=i+e
A + Dm = i + i = 2i
i=
A+ Dm
2
n=
A + Dm
2
A
sin
2
sin
We have
n=
DIAGRAM:
1
2
3
4
Angle
of
incidenc
e
40
45
50
55
Angle of
deviatio
n for
water
23
24
25
26
Angle
of
deviatio
n for
kerosen
e oil
36
33
34
35
Angle of
deviatio
n for
turpenti
ne oil
32
33
34
35
RESULTS:
The angle of minimum deviation for
Water Dm = 23C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32C
The refractive indices of theWater n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
Speed of light inWater v = 2.3x108 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s
PRECAUTIONS:
The angle of incidence should lie between
35 60.
The pins should be fixed vertical.
The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
BIBLIOGrAPHY
CONTENTS
Einführung
Experimental setup
Bibliography
CONTENTS
Introduction
Experimental setup
Bibliography