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AS1170.2 Examples
AS1170.2 Examples
Design wind loads are required for a tall office building in the Brisbane metropolitan
area. The relevant information is as follows :
30 m
46 m
183 m
h
Lh 85
10
0.25
1
0.26(h s ) 2 0.46bsh
1
Lh
183
85
10
(Equation 6.2(2))
0.25
176m
Hs = 1.0
g R = 1.2 + (2log e (600na ) = 1.2 + (2log e (600(0.20)) = 3.28
For b = 46 m,
For b = 30 m,
1
3.5na h(1 g v I h ) 4na b0 h (1 g v I h )
1
1
Vdes,
Vdes,
Reduced frequency, N
Et
1 70.8N
2 5/6
na Lh 1 g v I h
Vdes,
(Equation 6.2(4))
(0.746)
(1 + 70.8(0.746)2 )5/6 = 0.107
Cdyn
2
2
H g SEt
1 2 I h g v Bs s R
1 2 gv I h
(Equation 6.2(1))
For b = 46 m,
1 + 2(0.143)
Cdyn =
=
(3.4)2 (0.641) +
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.151)(0.107)
0.03
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
For b = 30 m,
1 + 2(0.143)
Cdyn =
=
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.178)(0.107)
(3.4) (0.648) +
0.03
2
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
Mz,cat 3
171.5
150
130
110
90
70
50
30
10
1.223
1.210
1.190
1.170
1.144
1.110
1.070
1.000
0.830
b.b.moment
contribution
torsion
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)
(MN.m)
-1436
-1249
-1249
-1249
-1249
-1249
-1249
-1249
-1249
636
477
406
336
268
201
138
77
22
34.1
29.3
28.7
28.1
27.4
26.5
25.4
23.6
19.9
windward
qz.Cfig
leeward
qh.Cfig
windward
qz.Cfig.Cdyn.A
leeward
qh.Cfig.Cdyn.A
(kPa)
(kPa)
(kN)
2.099
2.055
1.988
1.921
1.837
1.729
1.607
1.404
0.967
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
-1.327
2272
1934
1871
1808
1729
1628
1512
1321
910
Mz,cat 3
171.5
150
130
110
90
70
50
30
10
1.223
1.210
1.190
1.170
1.144
1.110
1.070
1.000
0.830
b.b.moment
contribution
torsion
contribution
(kN)
(MN.m)
(MN.m)
-752
-655
-655
-655
-655
-655
-655
-655
-655
391
294
249
206
164
123
84
46
13
13.7
11.7
11.5
11.2
10.9
10.5
10.0
9.3
7.6
windward
qz.Cfig
leeward
qh.Cfig
windward
qz.Cfig.Cdyn.A
leeward
qh.Cfig.Cdyn.A
(kPa)
(kPa)
(kN)
2.099
2.055
1.988
1.922
1.837
1.729
1.607
1.404
0.967
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
-1.032
1530
1302
1259
1217
1164
1096
1018
889
613
Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 1570 MN.m
Contributions to the torsional moment are obtained by applying an eccentricity of 6.0 m
(i.e. 0.2b as required by Section 2.5.4) to the sectional forces.
Total base torsion obtained by summing contributions from last column
= 96 MN.m
Cross-wind response
Turbulence intensity at z= 2h/3 (122 m) = 0.159
Wind normal to 46 m face
For wind normal to 46 m face (b=46 m), reduced velocity,
Vdes,
70.1
Vn =
=
= 5.13
ncb(1 + g v I h ) (0.2).46.(1 + (3.4)0.143)
Building dimensions are 6 : 1.5 : 1
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I2h/3 = 0.12 from Equation 6.3(7),
log10C fs = 0.000406Vn 4 - 0.0165Vn 3 + 0.201Vn 2 - 0.603Vn - 2.76 = -2.510
For 6 : 1 : 1 and I2h/3 = 0.20 from Equation 6.3(8),
log10C fs = 0.000334Vn 4 - 0.0125Vn 3 + 0.141Vn 2 - 0.384Vn - 2.36 = -2.075
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1 and I2h/3 = 0.159, log10 Cfs = -2.298
2
d 1 g v I h h
= 1.5( 3.28)
46
30
(1 + ( 3.4)( 0.143))2
z
183
C fs
(Equation 6.3(2))
( 0.00248)
=
0.03
0.00951 z
(Equation 6.3(1))
Force/unit
height
(kN/m)
144.2
126.2
109.3
92.5
75.7
58.9
42.1
25.2
8.4
Sector
height
(m)
23
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Sector
force
(kN)
3317
2523
2187
1850
1514
1177
841
505
168
moment
contribution
(MN.m)
568.9
378.5
284.3
203.5
136.2
82.4
42.1
15.1
1.7
Total cross-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 1710 MN.m
1 g v I h k 2
0.6(70.1)2
(0.00248)
2
( )
N.m
= 0.5(3.28)(46)
2 183 1 (1)
(1 + 3.4(0.143))
0.03
= 1.719 109 N.m = 1720 MN.m
2
d 1 g v I h h
= 1.5(3.28)
30
46
C fs
1
z
2
(1 + (3.4)(0.143)) 183
(Equation 6.3(2))
(0.0162)
= 0.01034 z
0.03
(Equation 6.3(1))
Force/unit
height
(kN/m)
240.1
210.0
182.0
154.0
126.0
98.0
70.0
42.0
14.0
Sector
height
(m)
23
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Sector
force
(kN)
5522
4200
3640
3080
2520
1960
1400
840
280
Moment
contribution
(MN.m)
947.1
630.0
473.2
338.8
226.8
137.2
70.0
25.2
2.8
Total cross-wind base bending moment is obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 2850 MN.m
Alternatively, using Equation 6.3(3)
0.5 airVdes, 2 2 3
C fs
M c 0.5g R b
h
Km
2
1 g v I h k 2
0.6(70.1)2
(0.0162)
2
( )
N.m
2 183 1 (1)
(1 + 3.4(0.143))
0.03
= 2.86 109 N.m = 2860 MN.m
= 0.5(3.28)(30)
Calculation of accelerations
To calculate accelerations for assessment of serviceability of the building, Appendix G is
used.
Mass per unit height, mo = 160 46 30 Kg/m = 2.21105 Kg/m
h1.3/mo = 1831.3/(2.21105) = 0.00395.
Since this exceeds 0.0016, cross-wind
accelerations may be excessive (Equation G1) and should be checked.
1
3.5na h(1 g v I h ) 4na b0 h (1 g v I h )
1
1
V
Vdes,
des
,
For b = 46 m,
For b = 30 m,
Reduced frequency, N
Et
1 70.8N
2 5/6
na Lh 1 g v I h
Vdes,
(Equation 6.2(4))
(1.635)
(1 + 70.8(1.635)2 )5/6 = 0.0647
Cdyn,res
H g 2 SEt
2Ih s R
1 2 g v I h
For b = 46 m,
2(0.143)
Cdyn,res =
=
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.0531)(0.0647)
0.01
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
0.286 [3.698 ]
= 0.279
1.972
For b = 30 m,
2(0.143)
Cdyn,res =
=
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.0680)(0.0647)
0.01
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
0.286 [4.736 ]
= 0.316
1.972
= 145 MN.m
= 98 MN.m
10
183
mo h
= 0.0588 m/s2 = 0.0588
1000
mg = 6.0 mg
9.8
For b = 30 m,
3
3
2
6
xmax
resonant peak base moment =
5
2 98 10 m/s
2
2.21
10
183
mo h
1000
mg = 4.1 mg
9.8
These accelerations are well within accepted comfort criteria, e.g. for office buildings
ISO 10137:2007 allows 0.13 m/s2 for office buildings at the frequency of 0.2 Hertz.
= 0.0397 m/s2 = 0.0397
1.5bg R
mo
0.5 airVdes, 2
C fs
K
2 m
1 g v I h
(Equation G3(1))
2
1.5(46 )(3.28 )
0.6(32.0 )
(0.000956) 2
m/s
1)
2 (
5
(1 +(3.4 )(0.143 )
)
2.21 10
0.01
1000
)
mg = 15.9 mg
9.8
1.5bg R
mo
0.5 airVdes, 2
C fs
K
2 m
1 g v I h
(Equation G3(1))
2
1.5(30 )(3.28 )
0.6(32.0 )
(0.00160) 2
m/s
=
1)
2 (
5
(
)
2.21 10
0.01
1 +(3.4 )(0.143 )
1000
)
mg = 13.4 mg
9.8
The peak cross-wind accelerations are on the limit of acceptability for office buildings
according to ISO 10137, at the natural frequency of 0.2 Hertz, some remedial action may
be required (wind-tunnel tests may reduce the predicted accelerations).
Cladding pressures
(note: these are ultimate limit states design loads)
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls at height z:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = +0.8 (1.0) (0.9) (1.5) = +1.08 (positive case WA1)
(Note: Kc,e = 0.9 for two effective surfaces)
pext, z = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2(Mz,cat3/1.23)2 (+1.08)(1.0)
= +3529(Mz,cat3/1.23)2 Pa = +3.53(Mz,cat3/1.23)2 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.2 (1.0) = -0.2
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.2)(1.0) = -654 Pa = -0.65 kPa
Net pressure across element = 3.53(Mz,cat3/1.23)2 + 0.65 kPa
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 3 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (3.0) = -1.95 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-1.95)(1.0) = -6372 Pa = -6.37 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.37 - (0.0) = -6.37 kPa
For elements less than 36 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 6 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -4248 Pa = -4.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -4.25 - (0.0) = -4.25 kPa
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0)(1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -3186 Pa = -3.19 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -3.19 - (0.0) = -3.19 kPa
For elements greater than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from
corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -2124 Pa = -2.12 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.12 - (0.0) = -2.12 kPa