CT Model

ECE 525
Power Systems Protection and Relaying

Session 9; Page 1/9
Fall 2012
This Mathcad CT simulation is based on the paper "Computer Simulation of Current Transformers and Relays For Performance Analysis" by R.Garrett,
W.C. Kotheimer, and S.E. Zocholl, presented before the 14th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, October 20-23, 1987.
R.W. Folkers
May 7, 2003
Modified by B.K. J ohnson
I
P
/N
I
M
I
S
L
m
L
b
R
b
Current Transformer Model
CY 6 := Length of simulation in cycles
I
mag
16000 := RMS magnitude of CT primary current
X 38 := Power system inductive reactance component of X/R
R 2 := Power system resistance component of X/R
R
B
8 := Resistive burden. Reactive burden set to 20% R
B
X
B
1 := Reactive Burden in Ohms
I
rated
5 := CT rated secondary current
N 240 := CT turns ratio
V
RAT
800 := CT "C-Rating"
Rem 0. := Per Unit Remnant Flux
f 60 := Frequency (leave units out so plotting works)
2 f := Angular frequency (leave units out so plotting works)
L
b
X
B
:= Calculate burden inductance (keep unitless to simplify other calculations later) L

b
2.653 10
3
=
V
RAT
V
RAT
1 Rem ( ) := Include effects of remnant flux
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 2/9
Fall 2012
1
X
R
+
|
\
|
|
.
I
mag
I
rated
N
R
B
j L
b
+ 100
V
RAT
268.7 =
If this is less than 20, the CT satisfies criterion to avoid saturation entirely
Simulation Time and Indexing
t .00001 := i 1 ceil
CY
f t
|
\
|
|
.
.. := t
i
i t :=
Time step is 10 microseconds
Primary Current Definition
atan
X
R
|
\
|
|
.
:=
X
R
:= 0.05 = 86.987 deg =
90 deg :=
I
i
2 I
mag
sin t
i
+
( )
e
t
i
sin ( )
|
\
|
|
|
.
:=
Magnetic Values
0
4 10
7
:=
r
15000 := B
sat
1.8 :=
Calculate cross sectional area of CT core
A
V
RAT
N B
sat
:= A 4.912 10
3
=
Mean core length
L .75 :=
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 3/9
Fall 2012
Frolich Equation
c
1
0

r
:=
b
1
1
B
sat
:=
Magnetic Flux Density as a function of primary current: -
B I
P
( )
I
P
c b I
P
+
:=
Magnetizing inductance as a function of flux density: -
L I
P
( )
I
P
B I
P
( )
d
d
|
\
|
|
.
A N
2
L
:=
Magnetizing inductance with no remnance
L
m
L 0 ( ) := L
m
7.111 = X
m_prefault
2 60 Hz L
m
H := X
m_prefault
2.681 k =
Find magnetizing current -
Use the following differential equation for dI
S
and substitute into I
S(i)
=I
S(i-1)
+DI
S
. Recognize that L
M
=L(I
P
-N*I
S
). 1.
Work from: 2.
L
m
1
N t
I
P
d
d
t
I
S
d
d
\
|
|
.
L
B
t
I
S
d
d
R
B
I
S
0 =
Define a term for i=0 - I
S
0
0 :=
I
S
i
I
S
i 1
L I
i 1
N I
S
i 1

|
\
|
.
|
\
|
.
I
i
I
i 1
( )
N
R
B
I
S
i 1
t
(
(
1
X
B
5 10
5
+
|
\
|
|
.
L I
i 1
N I
S
i 1

|
\
|
.
+
+ :=
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 4/9
Fall 2012
Calculate Magnetizing Current
I
M
i
I
i
N
I
S
i
:=
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
100
0
100
200
Secondary Current
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 5/9
Fall 2012
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
50
0
50
100
150
200
Magnitizing Current
4 10
4
2 10
4
0 2 10
4
4 10
4
2
1
0
1
2
Magnitizing Current on B-H Curve
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 6/9
Fall 2012
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
2
4
6
8
Magnitizing Branch Inductance
L
m
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 7/9
Fall 2012
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Magnetizing Flux Density
B NI
M
i
|
\
|
.
t
i
Simple Digital Filter Calculation
RS 16 := Enter the number of samples per cycle of the relay
LPW floor
2
60 t RS
|
\
|
|
.
:= Calculate the number of samples to create an averaging
LP filter with at cutoff frequency at 1/2 the sampling
frequency.
LP a ( ) 1
1
RS
+
|
\
|
|
.
0
LPW 1
k
I
S
a LPW k +
LPW
=
:= Averaging Filter
ii LPW ceil
CY
f t
|
\
|
|
.
.. :=
I
ii
LP ii ( ) := Calculate filtered current
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 8/9
Fall 2012
S CY RS :=
Calculate the number of relay samples available in the
data and create an index "s" as a row pointer
s 2 S .. :=
Ia
s
linterp t I ,
s
RS 60
,
|
\
|
|
.
:=
Create a vector "Ia" representing the relay's sampled
values
if RS 1 ( ) S .. :=
Create a filter index, "if" and apply a full cycle cosine filter,
"IF" to vector "Ia"
IF
if
2
RS
0
RS 1
k
cos k
2
RS
\
|
|
.
Ia
if RS 1 ( ) [ ] k +
(
(
=
:=
Cosine Filter
iv RS 1 + ( ) S .. :=
Create a vector index, "iv" and form a complex vector,
"Icpx" from filtered quatities at 90 degree intervals
Icpx
iv
IF
iv
j IF
iv
RS
4
+ :=
ECE 525
Session 9; Page 9/9
Fall 2012
1 2 3 4 5 6
100
50
0
50
100
150
Calculated Current Magnitude
Saturated Secondary Current
50 Element Setting
Relay Response
Cycles
A
m
p
s

CT Model

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CT Model

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ECE 525

Power Systems Protection and Relaying

:= Calculate burden inductance (keep unitless to simplify other calculations later) L

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